Editor\u27s Notes, Chiba Medical Journal 90-1

Multiple sequence alignment of deduced amino acid sequences of 25 wheat annexin genes with rice annexin OsAnn2 (Os05g31760) obtained by ClustalW. (PDF 212 kb

Effects of Short-Chain Peptides on the Flavor Profile of Baijiu by the Density Functional Theory: Peptidomics, Sensomics, Flavor Reconstitution, and Sensory Evaluation

The effect of peptides on the flavor profile of Baijiu is unclear as a result of their trace concentrations in the complex matrix, and therefore, the study involving the interaction mechanism between peptides and flavor compounds is limited. In this study, short-chain peptides (amino acid number between 2 and 4, SCPs) associated with the Feng-flavor Baijiu (FFB) were comprehensively analyzed by a dedicated workflow using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography Q Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry, flavor reconstitution experiments, sensory analysis, and density functional theory (DFT) analysis. The concentrations of 96 SCPs intimately related with six different grades of honey aroma intensity in FFB were quantified (0.12–155.01 μg L–1) after multivariable analysis, Spearman’s correlation analysis (ρ ≥ 0.7), and confirmation with synthetic standards, and 32 dominant odorants with an odor activity value of ≥1 in FFB with the highest intensity of honey aroma were quantified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–flame ionization detection analyses. The results of flavor reconstitution experiments and sensory analysis indicated that the SCPs can obviously influence the honey aroma with amplifying the fruity, sweet, and flora flavor odor characters (p < 0.05) while significantly reducing the acidic character (p < 0.001), which could be attributed to the most stable complex structure between SCPs and odor-active compounds calculated by DFT being butanoic acid, followed by β-damascenone, 3-methylbutanal, and ethyl hexanoate, and the multiple sites as a hydrogen bond donor or acceptor in SCPs can form a stable ternary structure with water and ethanol inside the peptide chain or carboxyl terminal of SCPs, consequently improving the stability of the Baijiu system. The results highlighted the important role of SCPs on the volatiles in Baijiu and laid the foundation for further facilitating the sensory quality of Baijiu products

Three mostly used linkage criteria for the hierarchical clustering.

<p>To calculate the pairwise distances for the hierarchical clustering, three commonly used linkage criteria were taken from the Wikipedia (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_clustering" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_clustering</a>).</p><p>Three mostly used linkage criteria for the hierarchical clustering.</p

Illustrating heatmaps by HemI 1.0.

<p>(A) Thermal shifts, which indicate binding affinities of 185 compounds to 13 PARPs, were measured by DSF. A higher value represents a stronger binding affinity. (B) Totally, 428 androgen-repressed genes were identified from LNCaP cells, after the treatment of 1 nM synthetic androgen R1881 for 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours. Values shown were normalized to 0 hour and log² transformed.</p

Seven distances for the clustering.

<p>To calculate the distances for the hierarchical and k-means clustering approaches, up to 7 mostly used distances were adopted.</p><p>Seven distances for the clustering.</p

The summarization of the methods for illustrating heatmaps among the 202 papers published in 2012 on five leading journals.

a<p>Tools, the name of used tools;</p>b<p>Num., the number of papers that used the tool;</p>c<p>Web link, the website of the tool;</p>d<p>N/A, not mentioned in the corresponding papers.</p><p>The summarization of the methods for illustrating heatmaps among the 202 papers published in 2012 on five leading journals.</p

Usage of HemI 1.0.

<p>(A) The numerical data in one of three file formats can be directly loaded, whereas the data area can be selected by dragging or holding-SHIFT-then-click manipulations. Titles for <i>X</i>-axis or <i>Y</i>-axis can also be specified; (B) Multiple options for manipulating the heatmp; (C) The numeric data can be clustered for either or both of <i>X</i>-axis and <i>Y</i>-axis; (D) Publication-quality figures can be exported, and two figure formats were supported.</p

Using frequency of heatmap.

<p>To estimate <i>how</i> many papers contain heatmaps, we went through all original research papers (excluding reviews and other articles) published in 2012 of five leading journals as below.</p>a<p>Num. of Heatmaps, the number of papers containing with at least one heatmap figure;</p>b<p>Per., the percentiles.</p><p>Using frequency of heatmap.</p

sj-docx-1-hol-10.1177_09596836211041730 – Supplemental material for Climate and human induced 2000-year vegetation diversity change in Yunnan, southwestern China

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-hol-10.1177_09596836211041730 for Climate and human induced 2000-year vegetation diversity change in Yunnan, southwestern China by Yongbo Wang, Ying Xie, Xingqi Liu, Ji Shen, Yong Wang and Zhen Li in The Holocene</p

Comparison of obesity indexes according to dietary choline (mg/kg/day) intake¹.

<p>Comparison of obesity indexes according to dietary choline (mg/kg/day) intake<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0155403#t005fn001" target="_blank">¹</a>.</p