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Korean language journalThe purpose of this study was to examine for the deference of leisure activities attitude compared with Korean and America university students' characteristics of leisure activities attitude in subcategory factors of leisure activities attitude include recognitive attitude, definitive attitude, behavioral attitude. 241 M,H,Y university students in Korea and 143 North Carolina N university students are responded survey for this study from 2007, May to August. The collected data based of survey are analyzed through frequency analysis, t- test, one-way ANOV A analysis by SPSS WIN ver 12.0. The result is following : First, there were statistical difference of leisure activities attitude in behavioral attitude between Korean students and America students. Second, there were statistical difference shows difference grade sector, own major, personal expenses in recognitive attitude. Third, the statistical difference shows grade sector, personal expenses in definitive attitude. Forth, the statistical difference shows grade sector, own major and personal expenses in of behavioral attitude

Deformations of coisotropic submanifolds and strong homotopy Lie algebroids

In this paper, we study deformations of coisotropic submanifolds in a symplectic manifold. First we derive the equation that governs $C^\infty$ deformations of coisotropic submanifolds and define the corresponding $C^\infty$-moduli space of coisotropic submanifolds modulo the Hamiltonian isotopies. This is a non-commutative and non-linear generalization of the well-known description of the local deformation space of Lagrangian submanifolds as the set of graphs of {\it closed} one forms in the Darboux-Weinstein chart of a given Lagrangian submanifold. We then introduce the notion of {\it strong homotopy Lie algebroid} (or {\it $L_\infty$-algebroid}) and associate a canonical isomorphism class of strong homotopy Lie algebroids to each pre-symplectic manifold $(Y,\omega)$ and identify the formal deformation space of coisotropic embeddings into a symplectic manifold in terms of this strong homotopy Lie algebroid. The formal moduli space then is provided by the gauge equivalence classes of solutions of a version of the {\it Maurer-Cartan equation} (or the {\it master equation}) of the strong homotopy Lie algebroid, and plays the role of the classical part of the moduli space of quantum deformation space of coisotropic $A$-branes. We provide a criterion for the unobstructedness of the deformation problem and analyze a family of examples that illustrates that this deformation problem is obstructed in general and heavily depends on the geometry and dynamics of the null foliation.Comment: 60 pages, This is the final version that will appear in Invent. Mat

Expression of CYLD and NF-κB in Human Cholesteatoma Epithelium

The tumor suppressor CYLD is a deubiquitinating enzyme that inhibits activation of the NF-κB, which has key roles in inflammation and apoptosis. We hypothesized that CYLD may regulate the NF-κB signaling pathway in cholesteatoma. We conducted immunohistochemistry to examine the expression of CYLD and NF-κB in 16 cases of cholesteatoma and paired cases of retroauricular (RA) skin. In cholesteatoma epithelium, activated NF-κ B expression was significantly higher than in RA skin, whereas CYLD expression was significantly lower in cholesteatoma epithelium than in RA skin (P < .05). Furthermore, a significant inverse correlation was detected between CYLD and activated NF-κB expression in cholesteatoma epithelium (r = −0.630). We found that CYLD reduced and activated increased NF-κB in cholesteatoma epithelium in comparison to RA skin. The inverse correlation between CYLD and activated NF-κB in cholesteatoma may be involved in cholesteatoma epithelial hyperplasia

Creep and Oxidation Behaviors of Alloy 617 in Air and Helium Environments at 1173K

AbstractCreep and oxidation behaviours of Alloy 617 in air and helium (He) environments at 1173K were comparatively investigated under different applied stress levels. There were no large differences in the shapes of the creep curves between the air and He environments. Creep rupture time in the He environment was shorter than that in air. The outer Cr-oxide thickness of the air specimens was thicker in short-tested duration than that of the He specimens. However, in the long- tested duration over 3,000h, the Cr-oxide thickness in the He environment was larger than in air. It was found that creep rupture life was closely related to the thickness of the outer Cr-oxide layer, because the form of the outer Cr-rich oxide layer brings about the Cr-depleted region which may deteriorate material strength or creep life

Current Trends for Treating Lateral Epicondylitis

Lateral epicondylitis, also known as ‘tennis elbow’, is a degenerative rather than inflammatory tendinopathy, causing chronic recalcitrant pain in elbow joints. Although most patients with lateral epicondylitis resolve spontaneously or with standard conservative management, few refractory lateral epicondylitis are candidates for alternative non-operative and operative modalities. Other than standard conservative treatments including rest, analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications, orthosis and physical therapies, nonoperative treatments encompass interventional therapies include different types of injections, such as corticosteroid, lidocaine, autologous blood, platelet-rich plasma, and botulinum toxin, which are available for both short-term and long-term outcomes in pain resolution and functional improvement. In addition, newly emerging biologic enhancement products such as bone marrow aspirate concentrate and autologous tenocyte injectates are also under clinical use and investigations. Despite all non-operative therapeutic trials, persistent debilitating pain in patients with lateral epicondylitis for more than 6 months are candidates for surgical treatment, which include open, percutaneous, and arthroscopic approaches. This review addresses the current updates on emerging non-operative injection therapies as well as arthroscopic intervention in lateral epicondylitis