Damping effect;Multi-machine system effect from Equal-area criterion in power systems revisited

we consider the non-zero damping effect in the same SMIB power system;We also investigate the multi-machine power system effect

Dynamics and Collapse in a Power System Model with Voltage Variation: The Damping Effect - Fig 13

<p><b>Phase diagram on the <i>M</i>- γ parameter plane; <i>P</i></b>_{<b><i>m</i></b>}<b>= 0.5 and γ<0 (a) and bifurcation diagram with the change of damping coefficient γ; <i>M</i> = 2.0 (b) in the third-order power system.</b> Again in (a), area <b>I</b> indicates stable fixed point, <b>II</b> represents explosive solutions for system collapse, and <b>III</b> shows very rich dynamics, such as periodic orbits (orange-yellow), chaos (yellow). In (b), from right to left: the transition scenario is similar, from fixed point → periodic motion → chaos → periodic motion → period-doubling cascade → chaos → collapse at γ = −0.2087. We can find that opposite to the case for positive damping in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0165943#pone.0165943.g004" target="_blank">Fig 4</a>, now larger inertia constant <i>M</i> enlarges the stable fixed point area <b>I</b>.</p

Dynamics for system collapse within area II.

<p>The parameters are <i>P</i>_<i>m</i> = 0.5 [(a), (b), and (c)] and <i>P</i>_<i>m</i> = 1.4 [(d), (e), and (f)]; γ = −0.35. Similarly the rotor-angle instability is dominant and the voltage remains stable with its magnitude keeping within a finite value region.</p

4‑Phenoxyphenol-Functionalized Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanosheets: A Metal-Free Fenton-Like Catalyst for Pollutant Destruction

Metal-containing Fenton catalysts have been widely investigated. Here, we report for the first time a highly effective stable metal-free Fenton-like catalyst with dual reaction centers consisting of 4-phenoxyphenol-functionalized reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (POP-rGO NSs) prepared through surface complexation and copolymerization. Experimental and theoretical studies verified that dual reaction centers are formed on the C–O–C bridge of POP-rGO NSs. The electron-rich center around O is responsible for the efficient reduction of H₂O₂ to ^•OH, while the electron-poor center around C captures electrons from the adsorbed pollutants and diverts them to the electron-rich area via the C–O–C bridge. By these processes, pollutants are degraded and mineralized quickly in a wide pH range, and a higher H₂O₂ utilization efficiency is achieved. Our findings address the problems of the classical Fenton reaction and are useful for the development of efficient Fenton-like catalysts using organic polymers for different fields

Primers used for cloning the hTFF3 promoter.

<p>Restriction endonuclease sequences are shown in bold.</p

Nucleotide sequence of the <i>hTFF3</i> gene core promoter region.

<p>The numbering of the sequence is relative to the TSS. Putative binding sites for the transcriptional factors are boxed and labeled above.</p

Bifurcation diagram for the damping coefficient γ.

<p><i>P</i>_<i>m</i> = 0.5. In the figure, from right to left: the transition scenario is from fixed point → periodic motion → chaos → periodic motion → period-doubling cascade → chaos → collapse. The parameter regions are indicated by the arrows here.</p

Verification of Sp1 binding at the <i>hTFF3</i> promoter.

<p>A. ChIP assay: LS174T cells were fixed with formalin, and then the chromatin was cleaved by sonication. The cleaved chromatin was then incubated with an anti-Sp1 antibody, a positive control RNA polII antibody, and a negative control IgG antibody. Finally, Sp1 binding at the <i>hTFF3</i> promoter was assessed by PCR amplification. B. HEK293 or LS174T cells were co-transfected with pGL3-300 and pRL-TK, and then treated with different concentrations of mithramycin A (a Sp1 inhibitor) for 24 h. Relative luciferase activity was measured and calculated. Data are presented as the mean ± SD (*P<0.05 <i>vs</i>. 0 µM mithramycin A).</p

Analysis of <i>hTFF3</i> promoter activity.

<p><i>hTFF3</i> promoters with different lengths were transfected into HEK 293 and LS-174T cells. The relative luciferase activity was calculated as the ratio of firefly luciferase to Renilla luciferase. At least three independent experiments were performed under similar experimental conditions. (A) the <i>hTFF3</i> promoter (−1,826 bp to −100 bp); B the <i>hTFF3</i> promoter (−300 bp to −200 bp). Data are presented as the mean ± SD (*P<0.05 <i>vs</i>. PGL3-200).</p

Germanium Nanowires-in-Graphite Tubes <i>via</i> Self-Catalyzed Synergetic Confined Growth and Shell-Splitting Enhanced Li-Storage Performance

Despite the high theoretical capacity, pure Ge has various difficulties such as significant volume expansion and electron and Li⁺ transfer problems, when applied as anode materials in lithium ion battery (LIB), for which the solution would finally rely on rational design like advanced structures and available hybrid. Here in this work, we report a one-step synthesis of Ge nanowires-in-graphite tubes (GNIGTs) with the liquid Ge/C synergetic confined growth method. The structure exhibits impressing LIB behavior in terms of both cyclic stability and rate performance. We found the semiclosed graphite shell with thickness of ∼50 layers experience an interesting splitting process that was driven by electrolyte diffusion, which occurs before the Ge–Li alloying plateau begins. Two types of different splitting mechanism addressed as “inside-out”/zipper effect and “outside-in” dominate this process, which are resulted from the SEI layer growing longitudinally along the Ge–graphite interface and the lateral diffusion of Li⁺ across the shell, respectively. The former mechanism is the predominant way driving the initial shell to split, which behaves like a zipper with SEI layer as invisible puller. After repeated Li⁺ insertion/exaction, the GNIGTs configuration is finally reconstructed by forming Ge nanowires–thin graphite strip hybrid, both of which are in close contact, resulting in enormous enchantment to the electrons/Li⁺ transport. These features make the structures perform well as anode material in LIB. We believe both the progress in 1D assembly and the structure evolution of this Ge–C composite would contribute to the design of advanced LIB anode materials