PRISMA flow diagram.

<p>Flow diagram demonstrating the process of article selection for systematic review and meta-analysis.</p

Forest plots of the mortality rates from CVE.

<p>(A) Mortality from stroke. (B) Mortality from cardiac disease. (C) Mortality from overall CVE.</p

Forest plots of the incidence of CVE.

<p>(A) Incidence of stroke. (B) Incidence of cardiac disease. (C) Incidence of overall CVE. Data were calculated by a random-effects model. The boxes represent standardized mean differences (SMDs), and lines depict 95% CIs. The vertical solid line represents no difference between CPAP and control. Values to the right of the solid line favor CPAP benefit. Pooled SMDs and 95% CIs are represented by the diamond shapes.</p

The onset latency and duration of patients with fibromyalgia and controls.

<p>The onset latency and duration of patients with fibromyalgia and controls.</p

Demographic data of patients with fibromyalgia and controls.

<p>Demographic data of patients with fibromyalgia and controls.</p

An example of CSP waves in a subject.

<p>The raw EMG signal was recorded from the APB muscle after stimulation of the index finger at an 80-mA intensity. We repeatedly measured the CSP waves a minimum of 20 times. Five traces with a complete silent period were selected.</p

Outdoor artificial light at night, obesity, and sleep health: Cross-sectional analysis in the KoGES study

<p>Obesity is a common disorder with many complications. Although chronodisruption plays a role in obesity, few epidemiological studies have investigated the association between artificial light at night (ALAN) and obesity. Since sleep health is related to both obesity and ALAN, we investigated the association between outdoor ALAN and obesity after adjusting for sleep health. We also investigated the association between outdoor ALAN and sleep health. This cross-sectional survey included 8526 adults, 39–70 years of age, who participated in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. Outdoor ALAN data were obtained from satellite images provided by the US Defense Meteorological Satellite Program. We obtained individual data regarding outdoor ALAN; body mass index; depression; and sleep health including sleep duration, mid-sleep time, and insomnia; and other demographic data including age, sex, educational level, type of residential building, monthly household income, alcohol consumption, smoking status and consumption of caffeine or alcohol before sleep. A logistic regression model was used to investigate the association between outdoor ALAN and obesity. The prevalence of obesity differed significantly according to sex (women 47% versus men 39%, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and outdoor ALAN (high 55% versus low 40%, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed a significant association between high outdoor ALAN and obesity (odds ratio [OR] 1.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.14–1.35, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Furthermore, multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that high outdoor ALAN was significantly associated with obesity after adjusting for age and sex (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.14–1.37, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and even after controlling for various other confounding factors including age, sex, educational level, type of residential building, monthly household income, alcohol consumption, smoking, consumption of caffeine or alcohol before sleep, delayed sleep pattern, short sleep duration and habitual snoring (OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.06–1.36, <i>p</i> = 0.003). The findings of our study provide epidemiological evidence that outdoor ALAN is significantly related to obesity.</p

Bright light exposure before bedtime impairs response inhibition the following morning: a non-randomized crossover study

<p><b>Introduction</b>: Bright light exposure in the late evening can affect cognitive function the following morning either by changing the biological clock and/or disturbing sleep, but the evidence for this effect is scarce, and the underlying mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we first aimed to evaluate the effect of bright light exposure before bedtime on frontal lobe activity the following morning using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during a Go/NoGo task. Second, we aimed to evaluate the effects of bright light exposure before bedtime on polysomnographic measures and on a frontal lobe function test the following morning.</p> <p><b>Methods</b>: Twenty healthy, young males (mean age, 25.5 years) were recruited between September 2013 and August 2014. They were first exposed to control light (150 lux) before bedtime (from 20:00 h to 24:00 h) for 2 days and then to bright light (1,000 lux) before bedtime for an additional 5 days. We performed polysomnography (PSG) on the final night of each light exposure period (on nights 2 and night 7) and performed NIRS, which measures the concentrations of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin (OxyHb and DeoxyHb, respectively), coupled with a Go/NoGo task the following morning (between 09:30 h and 11:30 h). The participants also completed frontal lobe function tests the following morning.</p> <p><b>Results</b>: NIRS showed decreased hemodynamic activity (lower OxyHb and a tendency toward higher DeoxyHb concentration) in the right frontal lobe during the NoGo block after 1000-lux light exposure compared with that during the NoGo block after 150-lux light exposure. The commission error rate (ER) during the Go/NoGo task was higher after 1000-lux light exposure than that during the Go/NoGo task after 150-lux light exposure (1.24 ± 1.09 vs. 0.6 ± 0.69, <i>P </i>= 0.002), suggesting a reduced inhibitory response.</p> <p><b>Conclusion</b>: This study shows that exposure to bright light before bedtime for 5 days impairs right frontal lobe activation and response inhibition the following morning.</p