Data_Sheet_1_The Good Samaritan Parable Revisited: A Survey During the COVID-19 Pandemic.pdf

From an integrative approach of parable interpretation that combines ethical, evolutionary, historical, and psychological perspectives, the current research empirically examined the purely theorized assumption elucidating the behaviors of the priest, Levite, and Samaritan in the good Samaritan parable (Luke 10:25-37) by the regulatory focus theory. In one experiment conducted during the COVID-19 outbreak, 93 Polish participants were randomly assigned to a simulated vignette of the good Samaritan parable where either the prevention or promotion regulatory focus was manipulated. The results confirmed a certain favorable tendency to offer quasi-realistic help in both the regulatory focus conditions. The finding highlights a dynamic association in goal pursuit motivation and prosocial behavior in a pandemic context regarding the good Samaritan parable. The current study is among rare empirical research which reflects a challenge people respond to offer help in simulated scenarios as original as the good Samaritan parable.</p

Critical speed and resonance criteria of railway bridge response to moving trains

The dynamic response of railway bridges to moving trains is complicated because of the involvement of the moving loads and the moving masses. Among various response characteristics, bridge resonance is of particular interest in terms of the structural effect and safety of the bridge. As far as the global bridge response is concerned, it is generally understood that when one of the apparent trainload excitation frequencies coincides with the fundamental natural frequency of the bridge, resonance could occur. However, such a general criterion is of little practical use because a typical trainload would involve numerous apparent frequencies (at equal intervals); consequently, for a given bridge (natural frequency), there could be many train speeds that satisfy the preceding resonance condition. Therefore, it is necessary to establish the relative severity of the resonance associated with each resonance scenario. This paper presents the development of a new resonance severity indicator, called Z factor, for the assessment of the resonance effect. It is found that the resonance severity is essentially governed by the ratio between the bridge and carriage lengths. When the carriage mass is significant, the same Z factor will apply; however, the underlying resonance speeds will change because of the altered natural frequency of the bridge-train system. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed methods are effective for the determination of the resonance effects associated with the potential resonance speeds

Critical speed and resonance criteria of railway bridge response to moving trains

The dynamic response of railway bridges to moving trains is complicated because of the involvement of the moving loads and the moving masses. Among various response characteristics, bridge resonance is of particular interest in terms of the structural effect and safety of the bridge. As far as the global bridge response is concerned, it is generally understood that when one of the apparent trainload excitation frequencies coincides with the fundamental natural frequency of the bridge, resonance could occur. However, such a general criterion is of little practical use because a typical trainload would involve numerous apparent frequencies (at equal intervals); consequently, for a given bridge (natural frequency), there could be many train speeds that satisfy the preceding resonance condition. Therefore, it is necessary to establish the relative severity of the resonance associated with each resonance scenario. This paper presents the development of a new resonance severity indicator, called Z factor, for the assessment of the resonance effect. It is found that the resonance severity is essentially governed by the ratio between the bridge and carriage lengths. When the carriage mass is significant, the same Z factor will apply; however, the underlying resonance speeds will change because of the altered natural frequency of the bridge-train system. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed methods are effective for the determination of the resonance effects associated with the potential resonance speeds

Modulation of GABAergic transmission in NL neurons by autoreceptors emerges prior to that by heteroreceptors.

<p><b><i>A</i></b>, Effects of GABA_BR agonist baclofen (100 µM) on IPSCs of NL neurons obtained from chicken embryos ages of E11, E13, E15, and E18. Inhibition of the IPSCs by baclofen was observed in all cells. <b><i>B</i></b>, Summary data showing that baclofen (100 µM) reduced IPSCs significantly in all ages tested (n = 6, 7, 7, and 5 for E11, E13, E15, and E18, respectively). <b><i>C</i></b>, Effects of mGluR agonist tACPD (100 µM) on IPSCs of NL neurons obtained from chicken embryos ages of E12, E13, E15, and E18. <b><i>D</i></b>, Significant suppression of IPSCs by tACPD (100 µM) was detected in E15 and E18 but not at E12 or E13 (n = 6, 5, 8, and 7 for E12, E13, E15, and E18, respectively). In this and subsequent figures, bars represent means ± SEM. NS: not significant (p>0.05), *p<0.05, **p<0.01, and ***p<0.001 (ANOVA post hoc Fisher's test).</p

Endogenous activity of mGluRs is stimulus frequency dependent and receptor specific.

<p><b><i>A</i></b>, Concurrent activation of glutamatergic and GABAergic pathways to NL neurons (E15–19). Cells used in this figure responded to the synaptic stimulation with both a fast EPSC and a slow IPSC. DNQX and APV eliminated the EPSC, and a specific GABA_AR antagonist bicuculline (40 µM) eliminated the IPSC. <b><i>B & C</i></b><b>,</b> Antagonists able to block all mGluRs (4 µM LY341495 plus 10 µM CPPG) did not have significant effects on the IPSCs elicited at 5 or 10 Hz (n = 5), indicating lack of endogenous mGluR activity under low frequency stimulation conditions. <b><i>D & E</i></b><b>,</b> Further increasing the stimulating frequency to 200 Hz still failed to induce endogenous mGluR activity (n = 5). <b><i>F & G</i></b>, Endogenous activity of mGluRs was observed under the condition of high frequency (200 Hz) stimulation combined with inhibition of glutamate uptake. Furthermore, such endogenous activity was mGluR type specific. Inhibition of glutamate uptake by TBOA (DL-TBOA 50 µM plus TFB-TBOA 10 µM) reduced IPSCs elicited at 200 Hz. In the presence of TBOA, blockade of group II mGluRs by low concentration of LY341495 (10 nM) increased IPSC amplitude significantly (n = 5). <b><i>H & I</i></b>, In contrast, in the presence of TBOA, blockade of group III mGluRs by CPPG (5 nM) had no effects on IPSC (n = 5).</p

GABAergic transmission starts functioning in about half of the NL neurons at E11.

<p><b><i>A</i></b>, Puff application of a selective GABA_AR agonist muscimol (10 µM) evoked an inward current that was nearly completely blocked by SR95531 (10 µM), an antagonist specific for GABA_ARs, indicating the presence of functional GABA_ARs on NL cell membrane. Spontaneous IPSCs (sIPSCs) are indicated by the symbol #. <b><i>B</i></b>, Voltage clamp recordings from a sample cell showing sparsely distributed sIPSCs that were eliminated by SR95531, indicating that GABA_ARs mediated the sIPSCs. Shown on the right are superimposed sIPSCs at an enlarged time scale. <b><i>C</i></b>, Electrical shocks (upper panel: single pulse stimulation; lower panel: train stimulation at 10 Hz) delivered to the GABAergic afferents to the NL evoked inward currents sensitive to SR95531, indicating the presence of functional GABA synapses. Stimulus artifacts are blanked for clarity. <b><i>D</i></b>, Percent of responsive cells under different recording conditions. All cells showed responses to muscimol, 5 out of 15 cells expressed sIPSCs, 3 out of 6 cells responded to the single pulse stimulation, and 6 out of 8 cells responded to the train stimulation. Cells were voltage clamped at −60 mV. DNQX (50 µM) and APV (100 µM), AMPAR and NMDAR blockers, respectively, were present in all experiments.</p

Theoretical Model for the Analysis of Rotational Behavior of Penetrated Mortise-Tenon Joints in Traditional Timber Structures

Penetrated mortise-tenon joints (PMJs) are typical wood-to-wood connections commonly used in traditional Chinese timber structures. They play a crucial role in the structural behavior of timber constructions. This study derived a method of theoretical estimation for the rotational behavior of PMJs, which is unique and more comprehensive in that it takes both movement of the rotation center and bending deformation of the tenon into consideration. In addition, it experimentally and numerically validated the theoretical model, and quantitatively analyzed the position changes of the rotation center and the effect of the bending deformation. On this base, simplified calculation formulas are proposed for the prediction of equivalent elastic stiffness and peak moment of PMJs, and then applied for the calculation of the lateral stiffness of timber frames. As a result, the predicted lateral stiffness shows good agreement with test results, demonstrating the validity of the estimation method derived and its applicability to the structural analysis. The results of this study show that the rotation center of the tenon is not stationary, and its moving range in the horizontal direction is much larger than that in the vertical direction. Another pattern found is that the bending deformation of the smaller tenon counteracts more than 20% of the compressive deformation caused by the rigid-body motion, and therefore must be considered when analyzing the rotational behavior of PMJs.</p

Endogenous activity of GABA_BRs is stimulus frequency dependent.

<p><b><i>A,</i></b> Average IPSC traces of one NL neuron (E16–17) in response to train stimulations at 5 Hz (5 pulses) under the conditions of control, GABA_BR antagonist CGP52432 (10 µM), and washout. <b><i>B,</i></b> IPSC peak amplitude normalized to the control showed that CGP52432 did not have significant effects on the IPSCs elicited at 5 Hz (n = 7), indicating lack of endogenous GABA_BR activity under this stimulation condition. <b><i>C & D</i></b>, Blocking GABA uptake by NNC 711 (20 µM) reduced IPSCs elicited at 5 Hz. In the presence of NNC 711, CGP52432 (10 µM) increased IPSC amplitude significantly (n = 7), revealing endogenous GABA_BR activity. <b><i>E & F</i></b>, In response to blockade of GABA_BRs by CGP52432 (10 µM), a significant increase in IPSC amplitude was observed at the stimulus frequency of 200 Hz (n = 8). The inset in panel E shows six superimposed individual IPSCs obtained under control conditions, at enlarged scales. Only the responses to the first five stimulus pulses (without blanking the stimulus artifacts) are shown to indicate low noise levels of the recordings.</p

Summary of numerical data on the effects of baclofen (100 µM) and tACPD (100 µM) on the amplitude (pA) of IPSCs of NL neurons obtained at different ages.

<p>Means ±1 SEM are shown. n: number of cells.</p>*<p>p<0.05,</p>**<p>p<0.01, and</p>***<p>p<0.001 (ANOVA post hoc Fisher's test).</p

The results of Argument interpretation pre-test and Semantic relatedness pre-test.

<p>A (Argument interpretation pre-test): −2 indicated that the Noun was absolutely interpreted as an undergoer (Patient); 2 indicated that the Noun was absolutely interpreted as an actor (Agent). B (Semantic relatedness between the Noun and the Verb pre-test): The larger the number (from 1 to 5), the higher the level of the semantic relatedness is. C (Co-occurrence between the Noun and the Verb pre-test): the cloze probability of the Verb when the Noun was presented. D (Sentence event acceptability pre-test): The larger the number (from 1 to 5), the more acceptable the event described by the sentence is. High-agent indicates ‘high-relatedness, agent’ condition; High-patient indicates ‘high-relatedness, patient’ condition; Low-agent indicates ‘low-relatedness, agent’ condition; Low-patient indicates ‘low-relatedness, patient’ condition.</p