Editorial Note, Indonesia, volume 51, (April 1991)

<p>a, all data; b, non-rainfall days (≥7 days after rainfall); c, final day of rainfall; d, 1 day after rainfall; e, 3 days after rainfall; f, 5 days after rainfall.</p

Stoichiometric Determination of Nitrate Fate in Agricultural Ecosystems during Rainfall Events

<div><p>Ecologists have found a close relationship between the concentrations of nitrate (NO₃^-) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in ecosystems. However, it is difficult to determine the NO₃^- fate exactly because of the low coefficient in the constructed relationship. In the present paper, a negative power-function equation (<i>r</i>² = 0.87) was developed by using 411 NO₃^- data points and DOC:NO₃^- ratios from several agricultural ecosystems during different rainfall events. Our analysis of the stoichiometric method reveals several observations. First, the NO₃^- concentration demonstrated the largest changes when the DOC:NO₃^- ratio increased from 1 to 10. Second, the biodegradability of DOC was an important factor in controlling the NO₃^- concentration of agricultural ecosystems. Third, sediment was important not only as a denitrification site, but also as a major source of DOC for the overlying water. Fourth, a high DOC concentration was able to maintain a low NO₃^- concentration in the groundwater. In conclusion, this new stoichiometric method can be used for the accurate estimation and analysis of NO₃^- concentrations in ecosystems.</p></div

NO₃- concentration as a function of changes in the molar DOC:NO₃- ratio among major ecosystems of the rainfall transport route.

<p>a, all data; b, experimental systems; c, rainfall; d, runoff; e, drainage ditch; f, porewater; g, groundwater; h, river.</p

Trimethyl chitosan–cysteine-based nanoparticles as an effective delivery system for portulacerebroside A in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma cells <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>

Portulacerebroside A (PCA), a cerebroside compound extracted from Portulaca oleracea L., has been shown to suppress hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of trimethyl chitosan–cysteine (TMC-Cys) nanocarrier in delivering PCA for HCC management and to elucidate the molecular mechanisms behind PCA’s function. TMC-Cys nanocarriers notably augmented PCA’s function, diminishing the proliferation, migration, and invasiveness of HCC cells in vitro, reducing hepatocellular tumorigenesis in immunocompetent mice, and impeding metastasis of xenograft tumours in nude mice. Comprehensive bioinformatics analyses, incorporating Super-PRED systems alongside pathway enrichment analysis, pinpointed toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as two promising targets of PCA, enriched in immune checkpoint pathway. PCA/nanocarrier (PCA) reduced levels of TLR4 and EGFR and their downstream proteins, including programmed cell death ligand 1, thereby increasing populations and activity of T cells co-cultured with HCC cells in vitro or in primary HCC tumours in mice. However, these effects were counteracted by additional artificial activation of TLR4 and EGFR. In conclusion, this study provides novel evidence of PCA’s function in immunomodulation in addition to its direct tumour suppressive effect. TMC-Cys nanocarriers significantly enhance PCA efficacy, indicating promising application as a drug delivery system.</p

Upper airway measurements.

<p>Relevant 2D points and 10 items related to the midsagittal plane (A):ANS; PNS; ut; P; TT; E; MxPl; 1 Nasopas; 2 Velo Pasmin; 3 Oropas; 4 Hypopas; 5 SP position; 6 PNS-P; 7 SP thickness; 8 Ton length; 9 Ton height; 10 Ton position [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0173142#pone.0173142.ref006" target="_blank">6</a>]. Relevant 3D points and 4 items related to volume (B):AH: the most anterosuperior point of the hyoid bone; MP: the plane passing Me, Go and Go’; VP: the plane crossing the anterior border of C3 and C4 and paralleling its long axis C3 and C4; AH-MP: the distance between AH and MP; AH(Z): the distance between AH and VP; Pasmin area: the smallest area of the cross section of the upper airway; Airway volume: the volume of upper airway between the Nasopas line and Hypopas line.</p

The asymmetrical items and their asymmetric indices related to the craniofacial hard tissue structure at the three time points before and after autogenous coronoid process graft reconstruction for the treatment of unilateral temporomandibular joint ankylosis.

<p>The asymmetrical items and their asymmetric indices related to the craniofacial hard tissue structure at the three time points before and after autogenous coronoid process graft reconstruction for the treatment of unilateral temporomandibular joint ankylosis.</p

The integral items of craniofacial hard tissue structure at the three time points before and after autogenous coronoid process graft reconstruction for the treatment of unilateral temporomandibular joint ankylosis.

<p>The integral items of craniofacial hard tissue structure at the three time points before and after autogenous coronoid process graft reconstruction for the treatment of unilateral temporomandibular joint ankylosis.</p

Preoperative maxillofacial hard tissue structures of the autogenous coronoid process graft reconstruction for the treatment of unilateral temporomandibular joint ankylosis at three points (A: T0 point; B: T1 point; C: T2 point).

<p>Preoperative maxillofacial hard tissue structures of the autogenous coronoid process graft reconstruction for the treatment of unilateral temporomandibular joint ankylosis at three points (A: T0 point; B: T1 point; C: T2 point).</p

Maxillofacial hard tissue measurements.

<p>Relevant points and planes (ABC): N: the most concave and supreme point of nasofrontal suture; S: the center point of the sella turcica; Zy: the most lateral and supreme point of the zygomatic arch divided into Zy (i.e., the healthy side) and Zy’(i.e., the affected side); Co: the supreme point of the mandibular condyle divided into Co (i.e., the healthy side) and Co’ (i.e., the affected side); ANS: the point of the anterior nasal spine; Mx: the most interior and supreme point between the infrazygoma and the maxillary molar divided into Mx (i.e., the healthy side) and Mx’ (i.e., the affected side); PNS: the posterior-most point of the hard palate; A: the most concave point between the anterior nasal spine and the upper alveolar margin sagittally; Um: the most lateral point of first upper molar divided into Um (i.e., the healthy side) and Um’(i.e., the affected side); B: the most concave point of the anterior alveolar bone around lower incisors sagittally; Go: the posterior-most and nethermost point of the mandibular angle divided into Go (i.e., the healthy side) and Go’(i.e., the affected side); Me: the gnathion; Occ: the occlusal plane passing the two centers of the bilateral first upper molar overbite and the center of the central incisors overbite; MP: the plane passing Me, Go and Go’. Coordinate system (D):X: The horizontal plane crossing the straight line that rotated around N 7 degrees upward along NS and paralleled the two innermost points of the zygomaticofrontal suture on both sides; Y: The sagittal plane crossing N and the center point of the crista galli and perpendicular to X; Z: The coronal plane crossing N and perpendicular to X and Y. Fourteen integral items: SNA angle; SNB angle; ANB angle; Occ/X: the minor angle between Occ and X; MP/X: the minor angle between MP and X; ANS-PNS: the distance between ANS and PNS; N-Me(Y): the distance between N and the point that was projected by Me vertically on Z; N-ANS(Y): the distance between N and the point that was projected by ANS vertically on Z; ANS-Me(Y): the distance between two points that were projected by ANS and Me vertically on Z; Zy-Zy’/Y: the lower angle on tonic side between the line crossing Zy and Zy’ and Y; Mx-Mx’/Y: the lower angle on the tonic side between the line crossing Mx and Mx’ and Y; Go-Go’/Y: the lower angle on the tonic side between the line crossing Go and Go’ and Y; Occ/Y: the lower angle on tonic side between Occ and Y; Me(X): the vertical distance between Me and Y. Twelve asymmetrical items: Co-Me: the distance between Co and Me divided into Co-Me and Co’-Me; Go-Me: the distance between Go and Me divided into Go-Me and Go’-Me; Co-Go: the distance between Co and Go divided into Co-Go and Co’-Go’; Go-Me(Y): the distance between the two points that were projected by Go and Me vertically on Y and divided into Go-Me(Y) and Go’-Me(Y); Go(X): the vertical distance between Go and Y divided into Go(X) and Go’(X); Go(Y): the vertical distance between Go and X divided into Go(Y) and Go’(Y); Go(Z): the vertical distance between Go and Z divided into Go(Z) and Go’(Z); Co(X): the vertical distance between Co and Y divided into Co(X) and Co’(X); Co(Y): the vertical distance between Co and X divided into Co(Y) and Co’(Y); Co(Z): the vertical distance between Co and Z divided into Co(Z) and Co’(Z); Co-Go-Me: the angle consisting of Co, Go and Me divided into Co-Go-Me and Co’-Go’-Me; Um-Mx(Y): the distance between two points that were projected by Um and Mx vertically on Y and divided into Um-Mx(Y) and Um’-Mx’(Y).</p

Reduced smaller coronoid regeneration at the former site of the coronoid process resection (white arrow; A: T1 point; B: T2 point).

<p>Reduced smaller coronoid regeneration at the former site of the coronoid process resection (white arrow; A: T1 point; B: T2 point).</p