Flexible Organic–Inorganic Composite Solid Electrolyte with Asymmetric Structure for Room Temperature Solid-State Li-Ion Batteries

Solid state electrolytes have stimulated research interest due to their promising application in lithium batteries with high safety. In this paper, an asymmetrical structure composite solid electrolyte consisting of Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 (LATP), poly­(vinylidene fluoride–hexafluoropropylene) (P­(VDF-HFP)), succinonitrile (SN), and a polyimide (PI) film (named ACSE-PI) was fabricated successfully. This solid electrolyte is flexible and can be stable at a high temperature of 150 °C. Moreover, it exhibits a wide electrochemical window of 5 V and high ionic conductivity of over 10–4 S cm–1. An all-solid-state battery assembled with this electrolyte exhibits excellent performance at ambient temperature. In particular, the specific discharge capacity of LiFePO4/ACSE-PI/Li battery is 168.4, 164.4, 154.9, 143.4, 129.5, and 109.4 mAh g–1 at a rate of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 C, respectively. It also delivers a reversible discharge capacity of 156 mAh g–1 after 200 cycles at 0.2 C. Notably, the battery can also operate at 4 °C, and the discharge capacity is higher than 110 mAh g–1 after 200 cycles at 0.2 C. Considering the good performances mentioned above, the ACSE-PI electrolyte is appropriate for the practical application of a solid-state Li-ion battery with higher safety

Flexible Organic–Inorganic Composite Solid Electrolyte with Asymmetric Structure for Room Temperature Solid-State Li-Ion Batteries

Solid state electrolytes have stimulated research interest due to their promising application in lithium batteries with high safety. In this paper, an asymmetrical structure composite solid electrolyte consisting of Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 (LATP), poly­(vinylidene fluoride–hexafluoropropylene) (P­(VDF-HFP)), succinonitrile (SN), and a polyimide (PI) film (named ACSE-PI) was fabricated successfully. This solid electrolyte is flexible and can be stable at a high temperature of 150 °C. Moreover, it exhibits a wide electrochemical window of 5 V and high ionic conductivity of over 10–4 S cm–1. An all-solid-state battery assembled with this electrolyte exhibits excellent performance at ambient temperature. In particular, the specific discharge capacity of LiFePO4/ACSE-PI/Li battery is 168.4, 164.4, 154.9, 143.4, 129.5, and 109.4 mAh g–1 at a rate of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 C, respectively. It also delivers a reversible discharge capacity of 156 mAh g–1 after 200 cycles at 0.2 C. Notably, the battery can also operate at 4 °C, and the discharge capacity is higher than 110 mAh g–1 after 200 cycles at 0.2 C. Considering the good performances mentioned above, the ACSE-PI electrolyte is appropriate for the practical application of a solid-state Li-ion battery with higher safety

Flexible Organic–Inorganic Composite Solid Electrolyte with Asymmetric Structure for Room Temperature Solid-State Li-Ion Batteries

Solid state electrolytes have stimulated research interest due to their promising application in lithium batteries with high safety. In this paper, an asymmetrical structure composite solid electrolyte consisting of Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 (LATP), poly­(vinylidene fluoride–hexafluoropropylene) (P­(VDF-HFP)), succinonitrile (SN), and a polyimide (PI) film (named ACSE-PI) was fabricated successfully. This solid electrolyte is flexible and can be stable at a high temperature of 150 °C. Moreover, it exhibits a wide electrochemical window of 5 V and high ionic conductivity of over 10–4 S cm–1. An all-solid-state battery assembled with this electrolyte exhibits excellent performance at ambient temperature. In particular, the specific discharge capacity of LiFePO4/ACSE-PI/Li battery is 168.4, 164.4, 154.9, 143.4, 129.5, and 109.4 mAh g–1 at a rate of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 C, respectively. It also delivers a reversible discharge capacity of 156 mAh g–1 after 200 cycles at 0.2 C. Notably, the battery can also operate at 4 °C, and the discharge capacity is higher than 110 mAh g–1 after 200 cycles at 0.2 C. Considering the good performances mentioned above, the ACSE-PI electrolyte is appropriate for the practical application of a solid-state Li-ion battery with higher safety

Additional file 1 of Pretic-I was a safe and effective artificial cervical disc prosthesis--a retrospective and comparative study with 5-year follow-up

Additional file 1

An Empirical Model for the Design of Batteries with High Energy Density

The development of rechargeable batteries beyond 300 Wh kg–1 for electric vehicles remains challenging, where low-capacity electrode materials (especially a graphite anode, 372 Ah kg–1) remain the major bottleneck. Although many high-capacity alternatives (e.g., Si-based alloys, metal oxides, or Li-based anode) are being widely explored, the achieved energy density has not exceeded 300 Wh kg–1. Herein, we present a new empirical model that considers multiple design parameters, besides electrode capacities, including areal loading density, voltage difference, initial capacity balance between the anode and cathode, and initial Coulombic efficiency, to estimate the achievable energy density. This approach is used to predict battery design that can achieve an energy density of >300 Wh kg–1. The model reveals that the lithium storage capacity of electrode materials is only one of several important factors affecting the ultimate battery energy density. Our model provides a new way to review the current battery systems beyond the prism of the electrode capacity and also presents a straightforward guideline for designing batteries with higher energy densities