Sprayed Oil–Water Microdroplets as a Hydrogen Source

Liquid water provides the largest hydrogen reservoir on the earth’s surface. Direct utilization of water as a source of hydrogen atoms and molecules is fundamental to the evolution of the ecosystem and industry. However, liquid water is an unfavorable electron donor for forming these hydrogen species owing to its redox inertness. We report oil-mediated electron extraction from water microdroplets, which is easily achieved by ultrasonically spraying an oil–water emulsion. Based on charge measurement and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, contact electrification between oil and a water microdroplet is demonstrated to be the origin of electron extraction from water molecules. This contact electrification results in enhanced charge separation and subsequent mutual neutralization, which enables a ∼13-fold increase of charge carriers in comparison with an ultrapure water spray, leading to a ∼16-fold increase of spray-sourced hydrogen that can hydrogenate CO2 to selectively produce CO. These findings emphasize the potential of charge separation enabled by spraying an emulsion of liquid water and a hydrophobic liquid in driving hydrogenation reactions

Factors associated with infant mortality (n = 1553).

<p>Factors associated with infant mortality (n = 1553).</p

Kaplan-Meier survival curves by timing of maternal ARV initiation.

<p>Kaplan-Meier survival curves by timing of maternal ARV initiation.</p

Factors associated with MTCT (n = 1452)^*.

<p>Factors associated with MTCT (n = 1452)<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0138104#t003fn001" target="_blank">^*</a>.</p

Description of women is study sample (n = 1548).

<p>Description of women is study sample (n = 1548).</p

Factors associated with late initiation of maternal ARV.

<p>Factors associated with late initiation of maternal ARV.</p

Infant outcomes (n = 1562).

<p>Infant outcomes (n = 1562).</p