Chemical Method for Nitrogen Isotopic Analysis of Ammonium at Natural Abundance

We report a new chemical method to determine the ¹⁵N natural abundance (δ¹⁵N) for ammonium (NH₄⁺) in freshwater (e.g., precipitation) and soil KCl extract. This method is based on the isotopic analysis of nitrous oxide (N₂O). Ammonium is initially oxidized to nitrite (NO₂^–) by hypobromite (BrO^–) using previously established procedures. NO₂^– is then quantitatively converted into N₂O by hydroxylamine (NH₂OH) under strongly acid conditions. The produced N₂O is analyzed by a commercially available purge and cryogenic trap system coupled to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (PT-IRMS). On the basis of a typical analysis size of 4 mL, the standard deviation of δ¹⁵N measurements is less than 0.3‰ and often better than 0.1‰ (3 to 5 replicates). Compared to previous methods, the technique here has several advantages and the potential to be used as a routine method for ¹⁵N/¹⁴N analysis of NH₄⁺: (1) substantially simplified preparation procedures and reduced preparation time particularly compared to the methods in which diffusion or distillation is involved since all reactions occur in the same vial and separation of NH₄⁺ from solution is not required; (2) more suitability for low volume samples including those with low N concentration, having a blank size of 0.6 to 2 nmol; (3) elimination of the use of extremely toxic reagents (e.g., HN₃) and/or the use of specialized denitrifying bacterial cultures which may be impractical for many laboratories

Potentials-Attract or Likes-Attract in Human Mate Choice in China

<div><p>To explain how individuals’ self-perceived long-term mate value influences their mate preference and mate choice, two hypotheses have been presented, which are “potentials-attract” and “likes-attract”, respectively. The potentials-attract means that people choose mates matched with their sex-specific traits indicating reproductive potentials; and the likes-attract means that people choose mates matched with their own conditions. However, the debate about these two hypotheses still remains unsolved. In this paper, we tested these two hypotheses using a human’s actual mate choice data from a Chinese online dating system (called the Baihe website), where 27,183 users of Baihe website are included, in which there are 590 paired couples (1180 individuals) who met each other via the website. Our main results show that not only the relationship between individuals’ own attributes and their self-stated mate preference but also that between individuals’ own attributes and their actual mate choice are more consistent with the likes-attract hypothesis, i.e., people tend to choose mates who are similar to themselves in a variety of attributes.</p> </div

Results from MLR of women’s stated mate preference regressed on their own attributes.

<p>N = 13677. Significant <i>P</i>-values are indicated in bold.</p>a<p>Self-attract refers to self-rated physical attractiveness.</p

Correlations between attributes in the same evolutionary category for personal items and mate preferences.

<p>Women, n = 13677; Men, n = 13506. Significant <i>P</i>-values are indicated in bold.</p>a<p>Self-attract refers to self-rated physical attractiveness.</p

Results from MLR of women’s actual mate choice regressed on their own attributes.

<p>N = 590. Significant <i>P</i>-values are indicated in bold.</p>a<p>Self-attract refers to self-rated physical attractiveness.</p

Results from MLR of men’s actual mate choice regressed on their own attributes.

<p>N = 590. Significant <i>P</i>-values are indicated in bold.</p>a<p>Self-attract refers to self-rated physical attractiveness.</p

Development of a Ratiometric Tension Sensor Exclusively Responding to Integrin Tension Magnitude in Live Cells

Integrin tensions are critical for cell mechanotransduction. By converting force to fluorescence, molecular tension sensors image integrin tensions in live cells with a high resolution. However, the fluorescence signal intensity results collectively from integrin tension magnitude, tension dwell time, integrin density, sensor accessibility, and so forth, making it highly challenging to specifically monitor the molecular force level of integrin tensions. Here, a ratiometric tension sensor (RTS) was developed to exclusively monitor the integrin tension magnitude. The RTS consists of two tension-sensing units that are coupled in series and always subject to the same integrin tension. These two units are activated by tension to fluoresce in separate spectra and with different activation rates. The ratio of their activation probabilities, reported by fluorescence ratiometric measurement, is solely determined by the local integrin tension magnitude. RTS responded sensitively to the variation of integrin tension magnitude in platelets and focal adhesions due to different cell plating times, actomyosin inhibition, or vinculin knockout. At last, RTS confirmed that integrin tension magnitude in platelets and focal adhesions decreases monotonically with the substrate rigidity, verifying the rigidity dependence of integrin tensions in live cells and suggesting that integrin tension magnitude could be a key biomechanical factor in cell rigidity sensing

Correlations between stated mate preference and actual mate choice for both men and women.

<p>N = 590 women and 590 men. Significant <i>P</i>-values are indicated in bold.</p

Permission to Enter Cell by Shape: Nanodisk vs Nanosphere

Changing polystyrene nanoparticles from three-dimensional spherical shape to two-dimensional disk shape promotes their cell surface binding with significant reduction of cell uptake. As a result of lower cell uptake, nanodisks show very little perturbations on cell functions such as cellular ROS generation, apoptosis and cell cycle progression compared to nanospheres. Therefore, disk-shaped nanoparticles may be a promising template for developing cell membrane-specific and safer imaging agents for a range of biomedical applications such as molecular imaging, tissue engineering, cell tracking, and stem cell separation

Results from MLR of men’s stated mate preference regressed on their own attributes.

<p>N = 13506. Significant <i>P</i>-values are indicated in bold.</p>a<p>Self-attract refers to self-rated physical attractiveness.</p