Association indices for quantifying social relationships: how to deal with missing observations of individuals or groups

Social network analysis has provided important insight into many population processes in wild animals. Constructing social networks requires quantifying the relationship between each pair of individuals in the population. Researchers often use association indices to convert observations into a measure of propensity for individuals to be seen together. At its simplest, this measure is just the probability of observing both individuals together given that one has been seen (the simple ratio index). However, this probability becomes more challenging to calculate if the detection rate for individuals is imperfect. We first evaluate the performance of existing association indices at estimating true association rates under scenarios where (1) only a proportion of all groups are observed (group location errors), (2) not all individuals are observed despite being present (individual location errors), and (3) a combination of the two. Commonly used methods aimed at dealing with incomplete observations perform poorly because they are based on arbitrary observation probabilities. We therefore derive complete indices that can be calibrated for the different types of incomplete observations to generate accurate estimates of association rates. These are provided in an R package that readily interfaces with existing routines. We conclude that using calibration data is an important step when constructing animal social networks, and that in their absence, researchers should use a simple estimator and explicitly consider the impact of this on their findings

In Situ Generation of Nitrilimines from Aryldiazonium Salts and Diazo Esters: Synthesis of Fully Substituted Pyrazoles under Room Temperature

A novel one-pot synthesis for fully substituted pyrazoles has been well developed via the in situ generation of nitrilimines from aryldiazonium salts and diazo esters and a subsequent cycloaddition with 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds. High yields, mild conditions, wide substrate scope, and operational simplicity are the significant advantages of this methodology

Iron-Catalyzed Cyclization of Nitrones with Geminal-Substituted Vinyl Acetates: A Direct [4 + 2] Assembly Strategy Leading to 2,4-Disubstituted Quinolines

An iron-catalyzed intermolecular [4 + 2] cyclization of arylnitrones with geminal-substituted vinyl acetates was developed for the synthesis of 2,4-disubstituted quinolines in moderate to good yields with good functional group compatibilities. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest a plausible iron-catalyzed C–H activation process under external-oxidant-free conditions

Access to Chiral Tetrahydroquinazolines/1,3-Benzoxazines via Iridium-Catalyzed Asymmetric [4 + 2] Cycloaddition

An iridium-catalyzed asymmetric [4 + 2] cycloaddition of 1,3,5-triazinanes with 2-(1-hydroxyallyl)anilines/2-(1-hydroxyallyl)phenols has been developed, providing a straightforward and efficient approach to a wide range of tetrahydroquinazolines in good yields and excellent enantioselectivities (up to >99% ee). Typically, chiral 1,3-benzoxazines, which are challenging substrates in asymmetric [4 + 2] cycloaddition, could be obtained in excellent enantioselectivities via this protocol

Metal-Free Coupling of 2‑Vinylphenols and Carboxylic Acids: An Access to 3‑Acyloxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofurans

A new coupling reaction between 2-vinylphenols and carboxylic acids was developed to synthesize 3-acyloxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofurans using Bu₄NI as a catalyst and <i>t</i>-BuOOH as an oxidant. This simple and practical methodology is notable due to the ability to complete it under metal-free conditions, with easily available precursors, resulting in a product with high atom economy and high functional group tolerance. Upon the basis of experimental observations and literature, a plausible mechanism is proposed

Additional file 1 of Priority screening on emerging contaminants in sediments of the Yangtze River, China

Additional file 1: Table S1. Utility functions (U) used to evaluate the six prioritization criteria, hazard potential and exposure potential. Table S2. ECs occurrence data, including detection frequency and concentration. Table S3. The comparisons between KOWWIN v4.1 and experimental data of logKow. Table S4. The primitive and normalized criteria (persistence, bioaccumulation, toxicity, human health effects) values for candidate ECs. Table S5. The hazard potential for candidate ECs. Table S6. The exposure potential of candidate ECs. Table S7. The ranked list of ECs by priority index. Table S8. Category-specific lists of ECs ranked by priority index. Table S9. Ranked lists of ECs using five prioritization schemes (e.g., exposure potential, hazard potential, risk quotient for human health effects, risk quotient for Ecotoxicity, and priority index). Table S10. Uncertainty values of candidate ECs. Table S11. Uncertainty category lists of ECs ranked by priority index. Fig. S1. The number of data collecting sites in each province and municipality along the Yangtze River

Bu₄NI-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling between Sulfonyl Hydrazides and Diazo Compounds To Construct β‑Carbonyl Sulfones Using Molecular Oxygen

A new cross-coupling reaction between sulfonyl hydrazides and diazo compounds has been established, leading to a variety of β-carbonyl sulfones in good yields. This methodology was distinguished by simple manipulation, easily available starting materials, and wide substrate scope. A plausible mechanism involving a radical process was proposed based upon the experimental observations and literature

The Cs₂CO₃–Catalyzed Reaction of 2‑Oxindoles with Enones for the Preparation of Indolin-3-Ones and Their Further Transformation

The Cs₂CO₃-catalyzed reaction of 2-oxindoles with enones affords 2,2-disubstituted indolin-3-ones through domino “Michael addition–oxidation–ring-cleavage–C–N coupling” process. O₂ acts as the sole oxidant to accomplish the oxidative process. The indolin-3-ones can be further transformed to pyridazine, azirdine-fused 3-oxindoles, 4-quinolone derivatives easily

Localization of overexpressed ESE3 in living pEGFP-ESE3-transfected EC9706 cells.

<p>(A) location of overexpressed ESE3-EGFP in living pEGFP-ESE3-transfected EC9706 cells by fluorescence microscope. (B) image of pEGFP-ESE3-transfected EC9706 cells by phase contrast microscope. (C) location of EGFP in living vector-transfected EC9706 cells by fluorescence microscope. (D) image of pEGFP-transfected EC9706 cells by phase contrast microscope.</p

Dual Roles of Sulfonyl Hydrazides: A Three-Component Reaction To Construct Fully Substituted Pyrazoles Using TBAI/TBHP

A mild and rapid approach has been developed for the construction of fully substituted pyrazoles using TBAI as a catalyst and TBHP as an oxidant, in which tosylhydrazide functions as the ring component and sulfonyl precursor. This protocol features a wide substrate scope with a broad range of functional group tolerance, utilizes easily available starting materials, can be scaled-up, and is operationally simple