DataSheet1_Carbon emission reductions, pricing and social welfare of three-echelon supply chain considering consumer environmental awareness under carbon tax policy.docx

With the rapid growth in carbon emissions from transport, reducing these emissions is becoming as important as reducing emissions from production. We took a transporter as a member of the supply chain system and constructed a three-echelon supply chain composed of a manufacturer, transporter, and retailer. This study applies the Stackelberg game and Nash game to research the optimal carbon emission reductions, pricing, and social welfare when the government imposes a carbon tax on carbon emitters and consumers are environmentally conscious. The four scenarios were designed as follows: 1) non-cooperative decision-making (NN model), in which neither carbon emission reduction cooperation nor pricing cooperation takes place; 2) local-cooperative decision-making Ⅰ (CN model), in which only cooperation in the field of carbon emission reductions takes place; 3) local-cooperative decision-making Ⅱ (NC model), in which cooperation in the field of pricing without cooperation in the area of carbon emission reductions takes place; and 4) overall-cooperative decision-making (CC model), in which both cooperation in the field of carbon emission reductions and cooperation in the area of pricing take place. The results show that economic (as profit of the supply chain system), social (as pricing and social welfare), and environmental benefits (as the optimal carbon emission reductions) for the three-echelon supply chain will improve with the deepening of cooperation among the supply chain members. Carbon tax policies have different impacts on clean and polluting supply chains. High carbon tax can encourage clean supply chain to increase carbon emission reduction, but will lead to the reduction of carbon emission of polluting supply chain. A cross-shareholding contract is designed to coordinate the supply chain and achieve the optimal state of the overall cooperative decision. Finally, the paper provides suggestions on carbon emission reductions for enterprises and policymaking for the government.</p

Ultralong Room-Temperature Phosphorescence of Boron Carbon Oxynitride Nanodots Encapsulated in Pyrophosphate in Dry and Wet States for Fingerprint Detection and Information Protection

Room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials have attracted wide interest due to their long lifetime and free from background autofluorescence. Nevertheless, simultaneous activation of stable long-lived RTP emission in both solid and aqueous phases remains a tremendous challenge. Herein, a molten salt method to synthesize boron carbon oxynitride nanodot-based RTP composites (BCNO nanodots@pyrophosphate) was carried out by employing pyrophosphate as the inert shell for BCNO nanodots. The BCNO nanodots@pyrophosphate1 with the average size of 3.69 nm show bright-green RTP because the introduction of phosphorus is beneficial to the intersystem crossing process and increases the RTP emission. What is more, whether in solid or aqueous dispersion, BCNO nanodots@pyrophosphate1 retains good phosphorescent properties with a high phosphorescence quantum yield (29.5% and 18.6%) and a long lifetime (1.39 and 1.29 s), which lasts over 15 s to the naked eye. This is the first report on BCNO nanodots with RTP in aqueous solution. The unique RTP characteristics allow BCNO nanodots@pyrophosphate as a hopeful indicator for detection of latent fingerprints with high contrast and multilevel information protection

Probe Decomposition of Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite in N₂ and O₂ by in Situ Infrared Spectroscopy

Packaging methylammonium lead iodide perovskite (MAPbI₃)-based solar cells with N₂ or dry air is a promising solution for its application in outdoor photovoltaics. However, the effect of N₂ and O₂ on the decomposition chemistry and kinetics of MAPbI₃ is not yet well-understood. With in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurements, we show that the effective activation energy for the degradation of MAPbI₃ in N₂ is ∼120 kJ/mol. The decomposition of MAPbI₃ is greatly accelerated by exposure to O₂ in the dark. As a result of the synergistic effect between O₂ and a HeNe laser (633 nm), the degradation rate is further increased with photon flux. This synergistic effect reduces the effective activation energy of degradation of MAPbI₃ to ∼50 kJ/mol. The solid decomposition products after annealing in N₂ and O₂ at 150 °C or below do not have absorbance between 650 and 4000 cm^–1

Water-Soluble Iron Oxide Nanoparticles with High Stability and Selective Surface Functionality

The water dispensability and stability of high quality iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized in organic solvents are major issues for biomedical and biological applications. In this paper, a versatile approach for preparing water-soluble iron oxide nanoparticles with great stability and selective surface functionality (−COOH, −NH2, or −SH) was demonstrated. The hydrophobic nanoparticles were first synthesized by the thermal decomposition of an iron oleate complex in organic solvent. Subsequently, the hydrophobic coatings of nanoparticles were replaced with poly(acrylic acid) , polyethylenimine, or glutathione, yielding charged nanoparticles in aqueous solution. Two parameters were found to be critical for obtaining highly stable nanoparticle dispersions: the original coating and the surfactant-to-nanoparticle ratio. These charged nanoparticles exhibited different stabilities in biological buffers, which were directly influenced by the surface coatings. This report will provide significant practical value in exploring the biological or biomedical applications of iron oxide nanoparticles

Organopalladium Complex Promoted Asymmetric Cycloaddition Reactions Involving 3,4-Dimethyl-1-phenylphosphole 1-Sulfide as the Heterocyclic Diene

3,4-Dimethyl-1-phenylphosphole 1-sulfide (DMPPS) reacted as a heterocyclic diene in the asymmetric Diels−Alder reaction with diphenylvinylphosphine in the presence of an organopalladium(II) complex derived from the enantiomerically pure ortho-metalated (R)-(1-(dimethylamino)ethyl)naphthalene. The cycloaddition reaction proceeded at room temperature via an intramolecular mechanism in which the cyclic diene and the dienophile were coordinated simultaneously on the chiral palladium template. The (RP)-exo cycloadduct was obtained with high stereoselectivity as a P−S bidentate chelate on the palladium template. When DMPPS was treated with the heterodienophile thiobenzophenone at 50 °C in the presence of the organopalladium(II) complex, the corresponding heterocycloaddition reaction proceeded to generate the expected cycloadduct as a rigid S−S bidentate chelate on the palladium template. However, the cyclic adduct was obtained as a racemic mixture. The low stereoselectivity in the heterocycloaddition reaction is attributed to the kinetic instability of S→Pd coordination bonds in the intermediate template complex. Both the P−S and S−S cycloadducts could be liberated from the corresponding template complexes by treatment of the template complexes with aqueous potassium cyanide

Organopalladium Complex Promoted Asymmetric Cycloaddition Reactions Involving 3,4-Dimethyl-1-phenylphosphole 1-Sulfide as the Heterocyclic Diene

3,4-Dimethyl-1-phenylphosphole 1-sulfide (DMPPS) reacted as a heterocyclic diene in the asymmetric Diels−Alder reaction with diphenylvinylphosphine in the presence of an organopalladium(II) complex derived from the enantiomerically pure ortho-metalated (R)-(1-(dimethylamino)ethyl)naphthalene. The cycloaddition reaction proceeded at room temperature via an intramolecular mechanism in which the cyclic diene and the dienophile were coordinated simultaneously on the chiral palladium template. The (RP)-exo cycloadduct was obtained with high stereoselectivity as a P−S bidentate chelate on the palladium template. When DMPPS was treated with the heterodienophile thiobenzophenone at 50 °C in the presence of the organopalladium(II) complex, the corresponding heterocycloaddition reaction proceeded to generate the expected cycloadduct as a rigid S−S bidentate chelate on the palladium template. However, the cyclic adduct was obtained as a racemic mixture. The low stereoselectivity in the heterocycloaddition reaction is attributed to the kinetic instability of S→Pd coordination bonds in the intermediate template complex. Both the P−S and S−S cycloadducts could be liberated from the corresponding template complexes by treatment of the template complexes with aqueous potassium cyanide

Make Conjugation Simple: A Facile Approach to Integrated Nanostructures

We report a facile approach to the conjugation of protein-encapsulated gold fluorescent nanoclusters to the iron oxide nanoparticles through catechol reaction. This method eliminates the use of chemical linkers and can be readily extended to the conjugation of biological molecules and other nanomaterials onto nanoparticle surfaces. The key to the success was producing water-soluble iron oxide nanoparticles with active catechol groups. Further, advanced electron microscopy analysis of the integrated gold nanoclusters and iron oxide nanoparticles provided direct evidence of the presence of a single fluorescent nanocluster per protein template. Interestingly, the integrated nanoparticles exhibited enhanced fluorescent emission in biological media. These studies will provide significantly practical value in chemical conjugation, the development of multifunctional nanostructures, and exploration of multifunctional nanoparticles for biological applications

Organopalladium Complex Promoted Asymmetric Hetero Diels−Alder Reactions between a Thiocarbonyl Dienophile and a Phospha-Substituted Cyclic Diene

The asymmetric [4 + 2] hetero cycloaddition reaction between methyl cyanodithioformate and 1-phenyl-3,4-dimethylphosphole has been achieved stereoselectively by use of the organopalladium(II) complex derived from (S)-N,N-dimethyl-1-(1-naphthylamine) as the chiral reaction template to produce the corresponding (+)-exo-syn-methylthio-substituted phosphanorbornene P−S bidentate chelate. The generation of the chelating cycloadduct involved an intramolecular cycloaddition mechanism in which both the cyclic diene and the hetero dienophile were coordinated simultaneously to the chiral palladium template during the course of the cycloaddition reaction

Correlation matrix heatmap of selected radiomics features.

The correlation coefficient among the 16 features were basically low, suggesting that the four feature clusters were not redundant, and each feature contributed a unique information to the models. The magnitude of the correlation was indicated in the color bar on the right.</p

Supplemental Material for Lu et al., 2020

Figure S1. Estimates of divergence time. File S1. Codon sequences with evidences of positive selection in FASTA format. File S2. Protein sequences containing convergent/parallel substitutions in FASTA format. File S3. Protein sequences containing multiple amino acid substitutions specific to Shedao pit-viper in FASTA format. File S4. Codon sequence alignments of all single-copy genes used in this study in FASTA format. Table S1. Genomic data, assembly version, and data sources used in this study. Table S2. Calibration points used in divergence date estimation. Table S3. List of genes that bear signals of positive selection in the Shedao pit-viper.Table S4. List of genes that possess sites of convergent substitutions. Table S5. List of genes that possess sites of parallel substitutions.</p