USJ770115_Supplementary_material – Supplemental material for Economic impacts of alternative greenspace configurations in fast growing cities: The case of Greater Beijing

<p>Supplemental material, USJ770115_Supplementary_material for Economic impacts of alternative greenspace configurations in fast growing cities: The case of Greater Beijing by Mingfei Ma, Ying Jin in Urban Studies</p

Thioketal-Based Electrochemical Sensor Reveals Biphasic Effects of l‑DOPA on Neuroinflammation

Neuroinflammation is linked closely to neurodegenerative diseases, with reactive oxygen species (ROS) exacerbating neuronal damage. Traditional electrochemical sensors show promise in targeting cellular ROS to understand their role in neuropathogenesis and assess therapies. Nevertheless, these sensors face challenges in mitigating the ROS oxidation overpotential. We herein introduce an ROS oxidation-independent nucleic acid sensor for in situ ROS analysis and therapeutic assessment. The sensor comprises ionizable and thioketal (TK)-based lipids with methylene blue-tagged nucleic acids on a glass carbon electrode. ROS exposure triggers cleavage within the sensor’s thioketal moiety, detaching the nucleic acid from the electrode and yielding quantifiable results via square-wave voltammetry. Importantly, the sensor’s low potential window minimizes interference, ensuring precise ROS measurements with high selectivity. Using this sensor, we unveil levodopa’s dose-dependent biphasic effect on neuroinflammation: low doses alleviate oxidative stress, while high doses exacerbate it. The TK-based sensor offers a promising methodology for investigating neuroinflammation’s pathogenesis and screening potential treatments, advancing neurodegenerative disease research

Additional file 1 of Vitamin intake and periodontal disease: a meta-analysis of observational studies

Additional file 1: Supplementary Table 1. The quality assessment scale of case-control study

Motherhood

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Sphingolipids as New Biomarkers for Assessment of Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity and Response to Triptolide

<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Hypersensitivity diseases are associated with many severe human illnesses, including leprosy and tuberculosis. Emerging evidence suggests that the pathogenesis and pathological mechanisms of treating these diseases may be attributable to sphingolipid metabolism.</p> <h3>Methods</h3><p>High performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was employed to target and measure 43 core sphingolipids in the plasma, kidneys, livers and spleens of BALB/c mice from four experimental groups: control, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) model, DTH+triptolide, and control+triptolide. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was used to identify potential biomarkers associated with variance between groups. Relationships between the identified biomarkers and disease markers were evaluated by Spearman correlation.</p> <h3>Results</h3><p>As a treatment to hypersensitivity disease, triptolide significantly inhibit the ear swelling and recover the reduction of splenic index caused by DTH. The sphingolipidomic result revealed marked alterations in sphingolipid levels between groups that were associated with the effects of the disease and triptolide treatment. Based on this data, 23 potential biomarkers were identified by OPLS-DA, and seven of these biomarkers correlated markedly with the disease markers (p<0.05) by Spearman correlation.</p> <h3>Conclusions</h3><p>These data indicate that differences in sphingolipid levels in plasma and tissues are related to DTH and treatment with triptolide. Restoration of proper sphingolipid levels may attribute to the therapeutic effect of triptolide treatment. Furthermore, these findings demonstrate that targeted sphingolipidomic analysis followed by multivariate analysis presents a novel strategy for the identification of biomarkers in biological samples.</p> </div

Sphingolipid composition of mice liver or spleen measured by triple quadruples MS/MS.

<p>Four groups including: control, model, model+triptolide and control+triptolide, each of which contains 8 samples. Sphingolipids were isolated from liver or spleen homogenate corresponding to 1 mg protein. Bars are expressed as means ± SD, values for each tissue sample are the average of 8 samples separately (pmol/mg protein). Statistical difference from control or model group is indicated with an asterisk or a “&”, respectively. * or &: p<0.05 and ** or &&: p<0.01.</p

Sphingolipid composition of mice kidney or plasma measured by triple quadruples MS/MS.

<p>Four groups including: control, model, model+triptolide and control+triptolide, each of which contains 8 samples. Sphingolipids were isolated from kidney homogenate corresponding to 1 mg protein or from 0.1 mL plasma. Bars are expressed as means ± SD, values for each sample are the average of 8 samples separately (pmol/mg protein, 0.1 mL plasma). Statistical difference from control or model group is indicated with an asterisk or a “&”, respectively. * or &: p<0.05 and ** or &&: p<0.01.</p

DTH model validation.

<p>a) The splenic index of each group. The splenic index is expressed as the ratio of the weight of the spleen weight to the weight of the mouse. The four groups include: control, DTH model, DTH model+triptolide and control+triptolide, each of which contains eight samples. Statistical differences detected between the control & DTH model groups and the DTH model & DTH model+triptolide groups are indicated by the P-value between each group. b) Ear swelling in each group. Ear swelling was expressed as the difference between the weight of left and right ear patches obtained from 8 mm punches 30 h after challenge. The punches were obtained in a blinded manner. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD, and the values for each sample are the mean of eight separate samples.</p

Score plots from supervised OPLS-DA.

<p>Analysis showed distinct clustering between each group in the spleen, kidney, liver and plasma. R2Y(cum) and Q2(cum) determined by Simca P+12.0.1 are shown under each panel and indicate the stability and predictability of the model.</p

ESI-MS MS/MS MRM and HPLC conditions for each sphingolipid.

<p>Seg, segment; RT, retention time; Pre-ion, precursor ion; Pro-ion, product ion; CE, collision energy; ISTD, internal standard.</p>*<p>Cer(d18∶1/26∶1) and Cer(d18∶1/26∶0) were quantitated using the calibration curve of the closest counterpart when commercial standards were not available. Cer(d18∶1/26∶1) ∼Cer(d18∶1/24∶1) and Cer(d18∶1/26∶0) ∼ Cer(d18∶1/24∶0).</p