Expression of <i>AtEXP2</i> in response to paclobutrazol treatment.

<p><i>AtEXP2</i> expression was determined by quantitative real-time RT-PCR in 24 h imbibed seeds treated with 10 µM PAC or without (Mock). Error bars represent SD. A Student’s t-test was calculated at the probability of 5% (*P<0.05).</p

Expression of <i>AtEXP2</i> in response to exogenous GA application.

<p>Col-0 wild type seeds were harvested 4 h, 6 h and 8 h after imbibition in 10 µM GA₃ solution for RNA extraction respectively. Transcript levels were measured by real-time RT-PCR, and the values were normalized against the levels of <i>TUB2</i> as a control. Error bars represent SD. A Student’s t-test was calculated at the probability of 1% (**P<0.01).</p

Germination phenotype of the wild type, <i>exp2</i> and <i>35S:AtEXP2</i> line in response to GA and PAC treatment.

<p>Seeds of wild type, <i>exp2</i> and <i>35S:AtEXP2</i> line were treated with 10 µM GA₃ (A), 1 µM (B) or 5 µM (C) paclobutrazol (PAC). Error bars represent SD. A Student’s t-test was calculated at the probability of either 5% (*P<0.05) or 1% (**P<0.01).</p

Expression pattern of <i>AtEXP2</i> gene.

<p>(A) Tissue-specific expression of <i>AtEXP2</i>. Various tissues of <i>Arabidopsis</i> wild type plants were harvested for RNA extraction. (B) Time course of <i>AtEXP2</i> expression. Dry seeds and imbibed seeds of Col-0 were harvested for RNA extraction. Transcript levels of <i>AtEXP2</i> were measured by real-time RT-PCR, and the values were normalized against the levels of <i>TUB2</i> as a control. Error bars represent SD. (C) GUS staining in germinating seeds of the <i>pAtEXP2:GUS</i> transgenic line. Seeds from T₃ homozygous plants of the <i>pAtEXP2:GUS</i> transgenic line were analyzed. Bar = 1 mm.</p

Effects of DELLA on <i>AtEXP2</i> expression during seed germination.

<p>Expression level of <i>AtEXP2</i> was measured in 24 h imbibed seeds of wild type, <i>ga1-3</i>, and various <i>DELLA</i> mutants. <i>penta</i> indicates the <i>ga1-3 gai-t6 rga-t2 rgl1-1 rgl2-1</i> mutant. Error bars represent SD. A Student’s t-test was calculated at the probability of 1% (**P<0.01).</p

Germination phenotype of the wild type, <i>exp2</i> and <i>35S:AtEXP2</i> line.

<p>Non-dormant seeds of wild type, <i>exp2</i> and <i>35S:AtEXP2</i> overexpression line were employed in the germination assay. The germination frequencies were scored daily until the 7th day after sown. Error bars represent SD. A Student’s t-test was calculated at the probability of either 5% (*P<0.05) or 1% (**P<0.01).</p

Germination phenotype of the wild type, <i>exp2</i>, and <i>35S:AtEXP2</i> line in response to abiotic stresses.

<p>Seeds of wild type, <i>exp2</i> and <i>35S:AtEXP2</i> line were treated with different concentrations of NaCl (100 or 200 mM), sucrose (150 or 250 mM) and mannitol (200 or 400 mM). Error bars represent SD. A Student’s t-test was calculated at the probability of either 5% (*P<0.05) or 1% (**P<0.01).</p

Relative expression levels of <i>AtEXP2</i> in <i>exp2</i> and <i>35S:AtEXP2</i> line.

<p>Seeds of wild type, <i>exp2</i> and <i>35S:AtEXP2</i> overexpression line were harvested for RNA extraction after 24 h imbibition in water. Transcript abundance was measured by real-time RT-PCR and the values were normalized against the levels of <i>TUB2</i> as a housekeeping gene. Error bars represent SD.</p

Expression of <i>AtEXP2</i> in response to salt and osmotic stresses during seed germination.

<p>Col-0 seeds were collected 24 h after imbibition in different concentrations of NaCl, sucrose and mannitol. Error bars represent SD. A Student’s t-test was calculated at the probability of 1% (**P<0.01).</p

Effect of deprivation and re-supply of phosphate (P) and sulfate (S) on the expression of five <i>ANR1</i>-related genes in rice.

<p>Two-week old rice seedlings grown hydroponically in complete nutrient solution were deprived of P or S or were maintained on complete nutrient supply for 3 d. In the light period on the day of the experiment, one set of the P-starved and S-starved plants were re-supplied with 0.32 mM H₂PO₄⁻ and 2.1 mM SO₄²⁻ respectively. Roots were harvested 3 h later from controls: continuous nutrient supply (CK); P-deprived (−P); P-resupply (+P); S-deprived (−S); S-resupply (+S). Total RNA was extracted from roots and qPCR reactions were performed in triplicate for each RNA sample. The mRNA of <i>OsActin</i> was used as the reference. The value of related genes were normalized to its CK control respectively. A Student’s t-test was calculated at the probability of either 5% (*, p<0.05) or (**, P<0.01).</p