Elongated chain formation in the AtlS and AtlS/LytF mutant.

<p>Cells were grown to mid-logarithmic phase and phase contrast images taken at 400 fold magnification. The images are adjusted for contrast and brightness. Images were taken using an Olympus BX51 microscope, Olympus DP72 digital camera and cellSens 1.3 software. Shown is a representative of 2 independent experiments with similar outcome.</p

Detection of renilla reporter protein activity.

<p>A) Relative light units (RLUs) were measured with 100 µl cell suspension or filter-sterilized supernatants. B) Percentage of renilla luciferase activity in the supernatant normalized to the respective cellular renilla activity. Error bars represent standard deviations from the mean (n = 3). Asterisk indicates statistically significant difference in normalized renilla luciferase activity (p = 0.05).</p

Growth curves of <b>S. gordonii</b> wild type, AtlS, LytF and AtlS/LytF mutants.

<p>A. Cells were grown as static cultures in ambient air at 37°C. Absorption was measured automatically using Bioscreen C every 20 min. B. Cells were grown aerobically as shaking cultures on a platform rocker at 37°C for maximal H2O2 production.</p

Release of eDNA during aerobic growth and as a result of H₂O₂ treatment.

<p>A. Wild type, AtlS, LytF and AtlS/Lytf mutant were grown until early stationary phase under aerobic conditions and the eDNA in the supernatant determined using Real-Time PCR. B. Cells were grown as static cultures under non-producing conditions and 2 mM H₂O₂ added after cells reached an A₆₀₀ of 0.3. After further incubation of 5.5 hours, the eDNA concentration was determined in the supernatant using Real-Time PCR. Error bars represent standard deviations from the mean (n = 3). Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences (p = 0.05) in the eDNA concentration in comparison to the wild type.</p

Expression of <i>spxB</i> under aerobic conditions.

<p>For comparative real-time RT PCR analysis, wild type, AtlS, and AtlS/LytF mutant cells were grown in BHI until mid-logarithmic phase. The expression level for wild type <i>spxB</i> was arbitrarily assigned a value of 1. The <i>gyrA</i> gene was used as the housekeeping reference gene. Error bars represent standard deviations from the mean (n = 3). Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences (p = 0.05) in <i>spxB</i> expression in comparison to the wild type.</p

H₂O₂ production.

<p>H₂O₂ concentration was determined during growth under aerobic conditions. Error bars represent standard deviations from the mean (n = 3).</p

Oxygen dependent growth phenotype.

<p>Cells were grown under aerobic conditions on a TH plate overnight. The image is adjusted for contrast and brightness. Shown is a representative of 2 independent experiments with similar outcome.</p

Templating Polymer/Chromophore Crystallization in a Gyroid Matrix

Blending the small molecule nonlinear optical chromophore, 2-chloro-4-nitroanaline (CNA), with a semicrystalline block copolymer, polystyrene-poly(ethylene oxide) (PS-PEO), drives the formation of a bicontinuous cubic microstructure, known as gyroid (GYR), demonstrating Ia3̅d cubic space group symmetry. The morphology transition is due to the selective partitioning of CNA into the PEO domains, which happens to be the majority phase while PS forms the GYR network. Furthermore, PEO and CNA cocrystallize together, forming a single crystalline phase that exhibits a different crystal structure from the starting PEO and CNA materials. At room temperature, PEO crystals and PEO/CNA cocrystals coexist and display different melting temperatures, Tm,PEO = 45 °C and Tm,PEO/CNA = 78 °C, respectively. Interestingly, although the PEO domain is the matrix, the GYR network templates the crystallization of the PEO/CNA cocrystal by precisely controlling the cocrystal long period. Furthermore, circular dichroism (CD) measurements indicate that the crystallized sample contains a chiral component when the PEO/CNA cocrystal is present, and upon melting of the PEO/CNA cocrystal (Tm,PEO/CNA = 78 °C), the CD signal vanishes. The results shown here indicate that adding a small molecule to semicrystalline block copolymer in which one block will form a cocrystal with the small molecule opens the possibility of controlling hierarchical structure and material functionality

Strains and oligonucleotides used in this study.

<p>Strains and oligonucleotides used in this study.</p

Expression of <i>spxB</i> in freshly isolated human oral plaque samples.

<p>One time expression measurements of <i>spxB</i> from 8 different subjects. Expression was normalized to 16S rRNA expression and subject 8 arbitrary set as 1. Error bars represent standard deviations of technical repeats (n = 3).</p