In Situ Constructing a Stable Solid Electrolyte Interface by Multifunctional Electrolyte Additive to Stabilize Lithium Metal Anodes for Li–S Batteries

Lithium (Li) metal is considered to be the most promising anode due to the ultrahigh capacity and extremely low electrochemical potential. The tricky thing is that the growth of dendritic Li brings huge safety hazards to Li metal batteries. Herein, we demonstrate cerium nitrate as a multifunctional electrolyte additive to form a stable solid electrolyte interface on the metallic Li anode surface for durable Li–S batteries. The presence of Ce3+ helps to modulate the electroplating/stripping of Li and inhibits the growth of dendritic Li. An excellent cycle life exceeding 1400 h at the current density of 1 mA cm–2 can be realized in symmetric Li||Li cells. In addition, the in situ formed robust solid–electrolyte interface (SEI) layer containing cerium sulfide on the Li anode surface conduces to weaken the reducibility of Li and regulate the electrochemical dissolution/deposition reaction on the Li anode. Surprisingly, by virtue of cerium nitrate additive with a low concentration of 0.03 M, the Li–S batteries can afford a capacity of 553 mA h g–1 at 5 C and a long cycle life at 1 C with a high capacity retention of 70.4%. Therefore, this study provides a novel idea to realize a uniform and dendrite-free Li anode for practical Li–S batteries