Efficient Electrochemical Microsensor for the Simultaneous Measurement of Hydrogen Peroxide and Ascorbic Acid in Living Brains

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ascorbic acid (AA), acting as two significant indicative species, correlate with the oxidative stress status in living brains, which have historically been considered to be involved mainly in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease (PD). The development of efficient biosensors for the simultaneous measurement of their levels in living brains is vital to understand their roles played in the brain and their interactive relationship in the progress of these diseases. Herein, a robust ratiometric electrochemical microsensor was rationally designed to realize the determination of H2O2 and AA simultaneously. Therefore, a specific probe was designed and synthesized with both recognition units responsible for reacting with H2O2 to produce a detectable signal on the microsensor and linkage units helping the probe modify onto the carbon substrate. A topping ingredient, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) was added on the surface of the electrode, with the purpose of not only facilitating the oxidation of AA but also absorbing methylene blue (MB), prompting to read out the inner reference signal. This proposed electrochemical microsensor exhibited a robust ability to real-time track H2O2 and AA in linear ranges of 0.5–900 and 10–1000 μM with high selectivity and accuracy, respectively. Eventually, the efficient electrochemical microsensor was successfully applied to the simultaneous measurement of H2O2 and AA in the rat brain, followed by microinjection, and in the PD mouse brain

DataSheet_1_Temperature explains intraspecific functional trait variation in Phragmites australis more effectively than soil properties.docx

Common reed (Phragmites australis) is a widespread grass species that exhibits a high degree of intraspecific variation for functional traits along environmental gradients. However, the mechanisms underlying intraspecific variation and adaptation strategies in response to environmental gradients on a regional scale remain poorly understood. In this study, we measured leaf, stem, and root traits of common reed in the lakeshore wetlands of the arid and semi-arid regions of the Inner Mongolia Plateau aiming to reveal the regional-scale variation for functional traits in this species, and the corresponding potentially influencing factors. Additionally, we aimed to reveal the ecological adaptation strategies of common reed in different regions using the plant economics spectrum (PES) theory. The results showed that functional-trait variation followed significant latitudinal and longitudinal patterns. Furthermore, we found that these variations are primarily driven by temperature-mediated climatic differences, such as aridity, induced by geographical distance. In contrast, soil properties and the combined effects of climate and soil had relatively minor effects on such properties. In the case of common reed, the PES theory applies to the functional traits at the organ, as well as at the whole-plant level, and different ecological adaptation strategies across arid and semi-arid regions were confirmed. The extent of utilization and assimilation of resources by this species in arid regions was a conservative one, whereas in semi-arid regions, an acquisition strategy prevailed. This study provides new insights into intraspecific variations for functional traits in common reed on a regional scale, the driving factors involved, and the ecological adaptation strategies used by the species. Moreover, it provided a theoretical foundation for wetland biodiversity conservation and ecological restoration.</p

Hyperthermia influences fate determination of neural stem cells with lncRNAs alterations in the early differentiation - Fig 3

<p>A. Flow cytometric analysis of differentiated cells B. Western blot analysis of Tuj-1, GFAP and O4 of NSCs cultured on 1%FBS-DF₁₂ medium of 37NSCs and 40NSCs for 3 days. C. Quantitation of protein bands.*P<0.05.</p

Characterization and differentiation of NSCs.

<p>A: phase-contrast image of NSCs globes cultured 5d in NSCs culture medium. B: Immunostaining of NSCs with Nestin antibody. C-F: immunostaining of differentiated cells with astrocyte marker GFAP, neuron marker Tuj-1 and oligodendrocyte marker O4 in 10% FBS-DF₁₂ for 5 days. Scale bar: A-B 400 um; C-F 20 um.</p

The morphological changes of NSCs at different time point after differentiation.

<p>A-C: Morphological changes in 37NSC group during 0h-72h differentiation, most differentiated cells were small, round and triangular or polygonal with 2 to 3 processes. D-F: In 40NSCs group, the differentiated cell exhibited large, flat and elongated shape with longer, wider processes. Scale bar: 100um.</p