106 research outputs found

    Surgical Complications of Primary Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment: A Meta-Analysis

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    <div><p>Background</p><p>To investigate the surgical complications of scleral buckling (SB) and pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) performed on primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) and to discover which surgical procedures bring fewer complications.</p><p>Methods</p><p>An electronic literature search using the PubMed database, ISI Web of Knowledge and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials to identify randomized controlled trials and observational studies comparing SB with PPV on primary RRD. Outcome measures included intra-operative complications and early and late post-operative complications.</p><p>Results</p><p>During the operation, significantly less subretinal hemorrhage occurred in the PPV group than in the SB group (OR = 4.71; 95%CI, 1.33–16.64; <i>p</i> = 0.02) and the hypotony incidence was significantly higher in the SB group (OR = 18.24; 95%CI, 2.37–140.44; <i>p</i> = 0.005); however, the occurrence of iatrogenic breaks was significantly lower in the SB group (OR = 0.05; 95%CI, 0.01–0.21; <i>p</i><0.0001). In the early stage of post-operation, significantly higher incidence of choroidal detachment was identified in the SB group than in the PPV group (OR = 10.19; 95%CI, 2.36–44.09; <i>p</i> = 0.002); patients undergoing SB had significantly higher odds of residual subretinal fluid (OR = 14.71; 95%CI, 1.84–117.32; <i>p</i> = 0.01); the occurrence of high intraocular pressure was significantly lower in the SB group (OR = 0.46; 95%CI, 0.23–0.89; <i>p</i> = 0.02); and no significant difference was shown in the incidence of epithelia defect (<i>p</i> = 0.37) between the two groups. In the late stage of post-operation, the incidence of diplopia/extraocular muscle dysfunction was significantly higher in the SB group (OR = 4.04; 95%CI, 1.30–12.52; <i>p</i> = 0.02); and significantly less cataract was observed in the SB group (OR = 0.20; 95%CI, 0.14–0.30; <i>p</i><0.00001); no significant difference was found in the incidences of cystoid macular edema (<i>p</i> = 0.65), macular pucker (<i>p</i> = 0.52), post-operative proliferative vitreoretinopathy (<i>p</i> = 0.73) and epiretinal membrane (<i>p</i> = 0.47) in other late post-operative complications.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>This meta-analysis suggests that PPV could be considered as potential surgical management on primary RRD.</p></div

    Summary results of early post-operative complications.

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    <p>The forest plot showed the choroidal detachment (A), SRF (B), elevated IOP (C), epithelia defect (D) along with their associated 95%CIs, comparing SB-treated eyes with PPV-treated eyes.</p

    Funnel plot for publication bias test.

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    <p>The two oblique lines indicate the pseudo 95% confidence limits.</p

    Funnel plot for the random-effects between-group meta-analysis on blood glutamate levels in persons with ASD and controls.

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    <p>Funnel plot for the random-effects between-group meta-analysis on blood glutamate levels in persons with ASD and controls.</p

    Flow chart of the articles selection process.

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    <p>Flow chart of the articles selection process.</p

    Prenatal, Perinatal and Neonatal Risk Factors for Intellectual Disability: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis

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    <div><p>Background</p><p>The etiology of non-genetic intellectual disability (ID) is not fully known, and we aimed to identify the prenatal, perinatal and neonatal risk factors for ID.</p><p>Method</p><p>PubMed and Embase databases were searched for studies that examined the association between pre-, peri- and neonatal factors and ID risk (keywords “intellectual disability” or “mental retardation” or “ID” or “MR” in combination with “prenatal” or “pregnancy” or “obstetric” or “perinatal” or “neonatal”. The last search was updated on September 15, 2015. Summary effect estimates (pooled odds ratios) were calculated for each risk factor using random effects models, with tests for heterogeneity and publication bias.</p><p>Results</p><p>Seventeen studies with 55,344 patients and 5,723,749 control individuals were eligible for inclusion in our analysis, and 16 potential risk factors were analyzed. Ten prenatal factors (advanced maternal age, maternal black race, low maternal education, third or more parity, maternal alcohol use, maternal tobacco use, maternal diabetes, maternal hypertension, maternal epilepsy and maternal asthma), one perinatal factor (preterm birth) and two neonatal factors (male sex and low birth weight) were significantly associated with increased risk of ID.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>This systemic review and meta-analysis provides a comprehensive evidence-based assessment of the risk factors for ID. Future studies are encouraged to focus on perinatal and neonatal risk factors and the combined effects of multiple factors.</p></div

    Characteristics of the twelve studies included in the meta-analysis.

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    <p>Characteristics of the twelve studies included in the meta-analysis.</p

    Flow gram of study selection process.

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    <p>Flow gram of study selection process.</p

    The outcomes of RCTs and observational studies.

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    <p>RCT, randomized controlled trial; SRF, residual subretinal fluid; IOP, intraocular pressure; EOM, extraocular muscle dysfunction; CME, cystoid macular edema; PVR, proliferative vitreoretinopathy.</p><p>*, I<sup>2</sup> and p-value for Heterogeneity.</p><p>The outcomes of RCTs and observational studies.</p

    Meta-regression of blood glutamate levels in persons with ASD and controls.

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    <p>Meta-regression of blood glutamate levels in persons with ASD and controls.</p
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