Efficient Covalent Capture of 8‑Nitroguanosine <i>via</i> a Multiple Hydrogen-Bonded Complex

A novel 1,3-diazaphenoxazine nucleoside derivative (nitroG-Grasp) bearing a thiol group with a urea linker forms multiple hydrogen-bonded complexes with 8-nitroguanosine and efficiently displaces the nitro group; thus, it is the first molecule that can covalently capture 8-nitroguanosine

Expansion of Phosphoramidite Chemistry in Solid-Phase Oligonucleotide Synthesis: Rapid 3′-Dephosphorylation and Strand Cleavage

In solid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis, a solid support modified with a universal linker is frequently used to prepare oligonucleotides bearing non-natural- or non-nucleosides at the 3′-end. Generally, harsh basic conditions such as hot aqueous ammonia or methylamine are required to release oligonucleotides by 3′-dephosphorylation via the formation of cyclic phosphate with the universal linker. To achieve 3′-dephosphorylation under milder conditions, we used O-alkyl phosphoramidites instead of the commonly used O-cyanoethyl phosphoramidites at the 3′-end of oligonucleotides. Alkylated phosphotriesters are more alkali-tolerant than their cyanoethyl counterparts because the latter generates phosphodiesters via E2 elimination under basic conditions. Among the designed phosphoramidites, alkyl-extended analogs exhibited rapid and efficient 3′-dephosphorylation compared to conventional cyanoethyl and methyl analogs under mild basic conditions such as aqueous ammonia at room temperature for 2 h. Moreover, nucleoside phosphoramidites bearing 1,2-diols were synthesized and incorporated into oligonucleotides. 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1,4-epoxynaphthalene-2,3-diol-bearing phosphoramidite behaved like a universal linker at the 3′-terminus, allowing dephosphorylation and strand cleavage of the oligonucleotide chain to occur efficiently. Our strategy using this new phosphoramidite chemistry is promising for the tandem solid-phase synthesis of diverse oligonucleotides

Development of Turn-On Probes for Acids Triggered by Aromaticity Enhancement Using Tricyclic Amidine Derivatives

Two fluorophores consisting of tricyclic amidine derivatives (DHIm and DHPy) were prepared as selective turn-on probes for acids, which were triggered by an aromaticity enhancement. Both amidine derivatives were expanded rings prepared by condensed reactions between the corresponding dibromoalkanes and an aminonaphthyridine analogue. In X-ray analyses, DHIm, in which the dihydroimidazole ring was condensed into aminonaphthyridine, showed high planarity, compared to DHPy, with condensed dihydropyrimidine. The fluorescence properties of DHIm exhibited a higher quantum yield than DHPy due to the difference in planarity. Under acidic conditions, such as in the presence of H+ and M­(II), protonations and complexations occurred, exhibiting a higher quantum yield than the neutral DHX (X = Im or Py). The nucleus-independent chemical shift values from the density functional theory calculations suggested that the protonations and complexations caused an enhancement of the aromaticity within the frameworks. These aromaticity changes led to intense fluorescence, and DHX behaved as a selective turn-on probe for acids and metal ions. Interestingly, this fluorescence turn-on system triggered by the aromaticity-based enhancement is not a typical system, such as the photoinduced electron transfer, aggregation-induced enhanced emission, and twisted intramolecular charge transfer systems, but is classified as a novel turn-on system

Development of Turn-On Probes for Acids Triggered by Aromaticity Enhancement Using Tricyclic Amidine Derivatives

Two fluorophores consisting of tricyclic amidine derivatives (DHIm and DHPy) were prepared as selective turn-on probes for acids, which were triggered by an aromaticity enhancement. Both amidine derivatives were expanded rings prepared by condensed reactions between the corresponding dibromoalkanes and an aminonaphthyridine analogue. In X-ray analyses, DHIm, in which the dihydroimidazole ring was condensed into aminonaphthyridine, showed high planarity, compared to DHPy, with condensed dihydropyrimidine. The fluorescence properties of DHIm exhibited a higher quantum yield than DHPy due to the difference in planarity. Under acidic conditions, such as in the presence of H+ and M­(II), protonations and complexations occurred, exhibiting a higher quantum yield than the neutral DHX (X = Im or Py). The nucleus-independent chemical shift values from the density functional theory calculations suggested that the protonations and complexations caused an enhancement of the aromaticity within the frameworks. These aromaticity changes led to intense fluorescence, and DHX behaved as a selective turn-on probe for acids and metal ions. Interestingly, this fluorescence turn-on system triggered by the aromaticity-based enhancement is not a typical system, such as the photoinduced electron transfer, aggregation-induced enhanced emission, and twisted intramolecular charge transfer systems, but is classified as a novel turn-on system

Development of Turn-On Probes for Acids Triggered by Aromaticity Enhancement Using Tricyclic Amidine Derivatives

Two fluorophores consisting of tricyclic amidine derivatives (DHIm and DHPy) were prepared as selective turn-on probes for acids, which were triggered by an aromaticity enhancement. Both amidine derivatives were expanded rings prepared by condensed reactions between the corresponding dibromoalkanes and an aminonaphthyridine analogue. In X-ray analyses, DHIm, in which the dihydroimidazole ring was condensed into aminonaphthyridine, showed high planarity, compared to DHPy, with condensed dihydropyrimidine. The fluorescence properties of DHIm exhibited a higher quantum yield than DHPy due to the difference in planarity. Under acidic conditions, such as in the presence of H+ and M­(II), protonations and complexations occurred, exhibiting a higher quantum yield than the neutral DHX (X = Im or Py). The nucleus-independent chemical shift values from the density functional theory calculations suggested that the protonations and complexations caused an enhancement of the aromaticity within the frameworks. These aromaticity changes led to intense fluorescence, and DHX behaved as a selective turn-on probe for acids and metal ions. Interestingly, this fluorescence turn-on system triggered by the aromaticity-based enhancement is not a typical system, such as the photoinduced electron transfer, aggregation-induced enhanced emission, and twisted intramolecular charge transfer systems, but is classified as a novel turn-on system

Development of Turn-On Probes for Acids Triggered by Aromaticity Enhancement Using Tricyclic Amidine Derivatives

Two fluorophores consisting of tricyclic amidine derivatives (DHIm and DHPy) were prepared as selective turn-on probes for acids, which were triggered by an aromaticity enhancement. Both amidine derivatives were expanded rings prepared by condensed reactions between the corresponding dibromoalkanes and an aminonaphthyridine analogue. In X-ray analyses, DHIm, in which the dihydroimidazole ring was condensed into aminonaphthyridine, showed high planarity, compared to DHPy, with condensed dihydropyrimidine. The fluorescence properties of DHIm exhibited a higher quantum yield than DHPy due to the difference in planarity. Under acidic conditions, such as in the presence of H+ and M­(II), protonations and complexations occurred, exhibiting a higher quantum yield than the neutral DHX (X = Im or Py). The nucleus-independent chemical shift values from the density functional theory calculations suggested that the protonations and complexations caused an enhancement of the aromaticity within the frameworks. These aromaticity changes led to intense fluorescence, and DHX behaved as a selective turn-on probe for acids and metal ions. Interestingly, this fluorescence turn-on system triggered by the aromaticity-based enhancement is not a typical system, such as the photoinduced electron transfer, aggregation-induced enhanced emission, and twisted intramolecular charge transfer systems, but is classified as a novel turn-on system

Development of Turn-On Probes for Acids Triggered by Aromaticity Enhancement Using Tricyclic Amidine Derivatives

Two fluorophores consisting of tricyclic amidine derivatives (DHIm and DHPy) were prepared as selective turn-on probes for acids, which were triggered by an aromaticity enhancement. Both amidine derivatives were expanded rings prepared by condensed reactions between the corresponding dibromoalkanes and an aminonaphthyridine analogue. In X-ray analyses, DHIm, in which the dihydroimidazole ring was condensed into aminonaphthyridine, showed high planarity, compared to DHPy, with condensed dihydropyrimidine. The fluorescence properties of DHIm exhibited a higher quantum yield than DHPy due to the difference in planarity. Under acidic conditions, such as in the presence of H+ and M­(II), protonations and complexations occurred, exhibiting a higher quantum yield than the neutral DHX (X = Im or Py). The nucleus-independent chemical shift values from the density functional theory calculations suggested that the protonations and complexations caused an enhancement of the aromaticity within the frameworks. These aromaticity changes led to intense fluorescence, and DHX behaved as a selective turn-on probe for acids and metal ions. Interestingly, this fluorescence turn-on system triggered by the aromaticity-based enhancement is not a typical system, such as the photoinduced electron transfer, aggregation-induced enhanced emission, and twisted intramolecular charge transfer systems, but is classified as a novel turn-on system

Generation of 4′-Carbon Radicals via 1,5-Hydrogen Atom Transfer for the Synthesis of Bridged Nucleosides

The rapid and facile generation of 4′-carbon radicals from oxime imidates of nucleosides via 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer induced by iminyl radicals was developed. The cyclization of 4′-carbon radicals with olefins, followed by the hydrolysis of imidate residues, provided various 2′-O,4′-C- and 3′-O,4′-C-bridged nucleosides. This operationally simple approach can be applied to the few-step syntheses of 6′S-methyl-2′-O,4′-C-ethylene-bridged 5-methyluridine (6′S-Me-ENA-T) and S-constrained ethyl-bridged 5-methyluridine (S-cEt-T)

Novel Benzofurans with ^99mTc Complexes as Probes for Imaging Cerebral β-Amyloid Plaques

Two novel benzofuran derivatives coupled with 99mTc complexes were tested as probes for imaging cerebral β-amyloid plaques using single photon emission tomography. Although both derivatives bound to Aβ(1−42) aggregates, 99mTc-BAT-BF showed higher affinity than 99mTc-MAMA-BF. In sections of brain tissue from an animal model of AD, 99mTc-BAT-BF clearly labeled β-amyloid plaques. In biodistribution experiments using normal mice, 99mTc-BAT-BF displayed high uptake soon after its injection and washed out from the brain rapidly, a highly desirable feature for an imaging agent. 99mTc-BAT-BF may be a potential probe for imaging β-amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's brains