Food waste and food processing waste for biohydrogen production: a review

Food waste and food processing wastes which are abundant in nature and rich in carbon content can be attractive renewable substrates for sustainable biohydrogen production due to wide economic prospects in industries. Many studies utilizing common food wastes such as dining hall or restaurant waste and wastes generated from food processing industries have shown good percentages of hydrogen in gas composition, production yield and rate. The carbon composition in food waste also plays a crucial role in determining high biohydrogen yield. Physicochemical factors such as pre-treatment to seed culture, pH, temperature (mesophilic/thermophilic) and etc. are also important to ensure the dominance of hydrogen-producing bacteria in dark fermentation. This review demonstrates the potential of food waste and food processing waste for biohydrogen production and provides a brief overview of several physicochemical factors that affect biohydrogen production in dark fermentation. The economic viability of biohydrogen production from food waste is also discussed

Application of silicon and sodium hydrosulfide alleviates arsenic toxicity by regulating the physio-biochemical and molecular mechanisms of Zea mays

Soil contaminationwith toxic heavy metals (such as arsenic (As)) is becoming a serious global problem due to rapid development of social economy, although the use of silicon (Si) and sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) has been found effective in enhancing plant tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses including the As toxicity. For this purpose, a pot experiment was conducted using the different levels of As toxicity in the soil, i.e., (0 mM (no As), 50, and 100 µM) which were also supplied with the different exogenous levels of Si, i.e., (0 (no Si), 1.5, and 3 mM) and also with the NaHS, i.e., (0 (no NaHS), 1, and 2 mM) on growth, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange characteristics, oxidative stress biomarkers, antioxidant machinery (enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants), and their gene expression, ion uptake, organic acid exudation, and As uptake of maize (Zea mays L.). Results from the present study showed that the increasing levels of As in the soil significantly (P \u3c 0.05) decreased plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange attributes, sugars, and nutritional contents from the roots and shoots of the plants. In contrast, increasing levels of As in the soil significantly (P \u3c 0.05) increased oxidative stress indicators in terms of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and electrolyte leakage and also increased organic acid exudation patter in the roots of Z. mays, although the activities of enzymatic antioxidants and the response of their gene expressions in the roots and shoots of the plants and non-enzymatic such as phenolic, flavonoid, ascorbic acid, and anthocyanin contents were initially increased with the exposure of 50 µM As, but decreased by the increasing the As concentration 100 µM in the soil. The negative impact of As toxicity can overcome the application of Si and NaHS, which ultimately increased plant growth and biomass by capturing the reactive oxygen species and decreased oxidative stress in Z. mays by decreasing the As contents in the roots and shoots of the plants. Our results also showed that the Si was more sever and showed better results when we compared with NaHS under the same treatment of As in the soil. Research findings, therefore, suggest that the combined application of Si and NaHS can ameliorate As toxicity in Z. mays, resulting in improved plant growth and composition under metal stress, as depicted by balanced exudation of organic acids

Role of proline, K/Na ratio and chlorophyll content in salt tolerance of wheat (Triticum aestivum

Abstract Studies to determine the role of proline, K/Na ratio and chlorophyll contents in salt tolerance of wheat genotypes were conducted in lysimeters using hydroponics technique. Seeds were allowed to germinate under normal condition (1.5 dS m -1 ) and salinity treatment of 12 dS m -1 was imposed after one week of germination. Crop was irrigated at the interval of two weeks or whenever required with 1/4 th Hoagland nutrient solution of respective concentrations. Results clearly indicated that wheat genotypes with higher proline, K/Na ratio and chlorophyll contents had higher grain yield. On the basis of yield reduction, three genotypes viz. Lu-26s, Sarsabz and KTDH were found tolerant. These genotypes also maintained the higher concentration of proline, K/Na ratio and chlorophyll contents under saline conditions

腐食した鋼桁端部のせん断耐力評価および補修に関する研究

Steel girders are vulnerable to corrosion due to prolonged exposure to deicing agents, humidity, and inadequate ventilation, particularly at girder ends. These regions are crucial for resisting shear forces, and corrosion can significantly reduce shear strength and load-carrying capacity. This study investigates the impact of corrosion-induced web thinning on shear strength through a numerical approach, considering several levels of corrosion damage· and the damage height. Eigenvalue analysis evaluates buckling modes and shear buckling coefficients, showing that as corrosion progresses between the web. and. lower flange, boundary conditions change, leadin to a gradual decline in buckling strength. Increasing corrosion height further accelerates reductions in both buckling and post-buckling strength. To assess more severe corrosion, a model was developed for web panels with through-thickness cracks between the web and lower flange, accounting for boundary continuity loss and its effect on shear resistance. Numerical and experimental results indicate that when corrosion affects more than half of the web's length, shear strength deteriorates significantly due to shifts in buckling modes and tension field action. Advanced corrosion patterns, such as web detachment from the lower flange, further reduce post-buckling strength by altering the tension field and plastic hinge locations. Furthermore, a study on real bridge conditions with even heavier corrosion damage reveals severe shear strength decline when both the web and lower flange sustain damage. Corrosion spreading transversely across the flange, combined with web panel deterioration, leads to web-flange disconnection, causing local yielding and a sudden reduction in post-buckling shear strength. After evaluating corrosion-induced shear strength loss, this study explores CFRP as a strengthening solution with cost-effectiveness as a main parameter. CFRP's high tensile strength and lightweight properties enhance shear buckling strength, with no notable difference between full and partial.coverage for web panels without severe localized damage. The study further identifies optimal CFRP fiber orientation for restoring post-buckling shear strength. While CFRP has been applied to repair damaged girders, this study extends the analysis to severe corrosion cases involving web detachment and lower flange damage. Results demonstrate that CFRP reinforcement effectively mitigates shear strength loss, even in extreme cases, by restoring structural capacity and preventing excessive shear deterioration when strategically applied. Overall, this study provides insights into corrosion-induced shear strength deterioration in steel girder ends, evaluating the limitations of the average web thickness approach and severe corrosion effects. Findings highlight the progressive decline in shear strength and web detachment effects while demonstrating CFRP's effectiveness in restoring shear resistance.博士（工学）http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_db06琉球大学University of the Ryukyu

LUMBER DISCITIS

Objectives: To study the occurrence of discitis after lumber disc surgery and its management. Study Design: Observational study. Setting: Department of Neurosurgery QAMC/ BVH Bahawalpur. Period: April 2006 to May 2009. Patients and Methods: This study includes 400 patients who underwent standard laminectomy procedure for disc excision. Patients presenting with backache and leg pain were thoroughly investigated. For the confirmation of herniated disc MRI or lumber route myelography were performed. All patients underwent either fenestration, hemilaminectomy or complete laminectomy for disc excision. Patients were followed for two weeks to three years after surgery. The diagnosis of discitis was on clinical grounds but this condition was confirmed by heamatological examination i.e. ESR, complete blood count, C-reactive protein and radiological examination i.e. MRI, CT and plain X-rays. Results: Eighteen (4.5%) patients out of four hundred patients developed disitis after surgery. Initially all patients were managed conservatively i-e. with complete bed rest and antibiotics .Fifteen (83.33%) patients responded well to this treatment but three (16.67%) patients did not improve and were subjected to surgery. Conclusions: Discitis after lumber disc surgery is rare. Discitis should be considered in any patient who develops severe backache,leg pain and muscles spasms after one to four weeks of lumber disc surgery especially accompanied with fever , raised ESR and elevated C-reactive proteins..A definitive diagnosis is essential for appropriate therapy of discitis.</jats:p

PRIMARY CNS LYMPHOMA MIMICKING TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION - A CASE REPORT

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare variety of extra nodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma that reportedly involves leptomeninges, the brain, spinal cord, eyes, or may involve other organs systemically. We present a case of 46-yearold woman with complaints of headache and fever for three weeks, associated with right-sided weakness &amp; altered state of consciousness for one week. The most common presentation of primary central nervous lymphoma is diffuse or multifocal supratentorial masses causing cognitive deterioration and involvement of vitreous, retina, and optic nerve. Most cases ofPCNSL are left undiagnosed due to uncommon</jats:p

Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of Co (II) and Co (III) in acidic medium with partial least squares regression and artificial neural networks

This study aims at the application of two chemometric techniques to visible spectra of acetic acid solutions of Co (II) and Co (III) for simultaneous determination thereof. Spectral data of 145 samples in the range of 400–700 nm were used to build the models. Partial least squares regression models were developed for which latent variables were determined using internal cross-validation with a leave-one-out strategy and 3 and 2 latent variables were selected for Co(II) and Co(III) based on root mean square error of cross-validation. For these models, root mean square errors of prediction were 1.16 and 0.536 mM and coefficients of determination were 0.975 and 0.892 for Co (II) and Co (III). As an alternate method, artificial neural networks consisting of three layers, with 10 neurons in hidden layer, were trained to model spectra and concentrations of cobalt species. Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm with feed-forward back-propagation learning resulted root mean square errors of prediction of 0.316 and 0.346 mM for Co (II) and Co (III) respectively and coefficients of determination were 0.996 and 0.988