Table_2.docx

<p>Fungi play a critical role in the nutrient cycling and ecological function in terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. Yet, many ecological aspects of their counterparts in coastal ecosystems remain largely elusive. Using high-throughput sequencing, quantitative PCR, and environmental data analyses, we studied the spatiotemporal changes in the abundance and diversity of planktonic fungi and their abiotic and biotic interactions in the coastal waters of three transects along the Bohai Sea. A total of 4362 ITS OTUs were identified and more than 60% of which were unclassified Fungi. Of the classified OTUs three major fungal phyla, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Chytridiomycota were predominant with episodic low dominance phyla Cryptomycota and Mucoromycota (Mortierellales). The estimated average Fungi-specific 18S rRNA gene qPCR abundances varied within 4.28 × 10⁶ and 1.13 × 10⁷copies/L with significantly (P < 0.05) different abundances among the transects suggesting potential influence of the different riverine inputs. The spatiotemporal changes in the OTU abundance of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota phyla coincided significantly (P < 0.05) with nutrients traced to riverine inputs and phytoplankton detritus. Among the eight major fungal orders, the abundance of Hypocreales varied significantly (P < 0.01) across months while Capnodiales, Pleosporales, Eurotiales, and Sporidiobolales varied significantly (P < 0.05) across transects. In addition, our results likely suggest a tripartite interaction model for the association within members of Cryptomycota (hyperparasites), Chytridiomycota (both parasites and saprotrophs), and phytoplankton in the coastal waters. The fungal network featured several hubs and keystone OTUs besides the display of cooperative and competitive relationship within OTUs. These results support the notion that planktonic fungi, hitherto mostly undescribed, play diverse ecological roles in marine habitats and further outline niche processes, tripartite and co-occurrence interaction as the major drivers of their community structure and spatiotemporal distribution in the coastal water column.</p

Image_1.pdf

<p>Fungi play a critical role in the nutrient cycling and ecological function in terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. Yet, many ecological aspects of their counterparts in coastal ecosystems remain largely elusive. Using high-throughput sequencing, quantitative PCR, and environmental data analyses, we studied the spatiotemporal changes in the abundance and diversity of planktonic fungi and their abiotic and biotic interactions in the coastal waters of three transects along the Bohai Sea. A total of 4362 ITS OTUs were identified and more than 60% of which were unclassified Fungi. Of the classified OTUs three major fungal phyla, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Chytridiomycota were predominant with episodic low dominance phyla Cryptomycota and Mucoromycota (Mortierellales). The estimated average Fungi-specific 18S rRNA gene qPCR abundances varied within 4.28 × 10⁶ and 1.13 × 10⁷copies/L with significantly (P < 0.05) different abundances among the transects suggesting potential influence of the different riverine inputs. The spatiotemporal changes in the OTU abundance of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota phyla coincided significantly (P < 0.05) with nutrients traced to riverine inputs and phytoplankton detritus. Among the eight major fungal orders, the abundance of Hypocreales varied significantly (P < 0.01) across months while Capnodiales, Pleosporales, Eurotiales, and Sporidiobolales varied significantly (P < 0.05) across transects. In addition, our results likely suggest a tripartite interaction model for the association within members of Cryptomycota (hyperparasites), Chytridiomycota (both parasites and saprotrophs), and phytoplankton in the coastal waters. The fungal network featured several hubs and keystone OTUs besides the display of cooperative and competitive relationship within OTUs. These results support the notion that planktonic fungi, hitherto mostly undescribed, play diverse ecological roles in marine habitats and further outline niche processes, tripartite and co-occurrence interaction as the major drivers of their community structure and spatiotemporal distribution in the coastal water column.</p

Additional file 1 of Differences in archaeal diversity and potential ecological functions between saline and hypersaline lakes on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were driven by multiple environmental and non-environmental factors beyond the salinity

Supplementary Material

Table_1.docx

Fungi play a critical role in the nutrient cycling and ecological function in terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. Yet, many ecological aspects of their counterparts in coastal ecosystems remain largely elusive. Using high-throughput sequencing, quantitative PCR, and environmental data analyses, we studied the spatiotemporal changes in the abundance and diversity of planktonic fungi and their abiotic and biotic interactions in the coastal waters of three transects along the Bohai Sea. A total of 4362 ITS OTUs were identified and more than 60% of which were unclassified Fungi. Of the classified OTUs three major fungal phyla, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Chytridiomycota were predominant with episodic low dominance phyla Cryptomycota and Mucoromycota (Mortierellales). The estimated average Fungi-specific 18S rRNA gene qPCR abundances varied within 4.28 × 106 and 1.13 × 107copies/L with significantly (P < 0.05) different abundances among the transects suggesting potential influence of the different riverine inputs. The spatiotemporal changes in the OTU abundance of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota phyla coincided significantly (P < 0.05) with nutrients traced to riverine inputs and phytoplankton detritus. Among the eight major fungal orders, the abundance of Hypocreales varied significantly (P < 0.01) across months while Capnodiales, Pleosporales, Eurotiales, and Sporidiobolales varied significantly (P < 0.05) across transects. In addition, our results likely suggest a tripartite interaction model for the association within members of Cryptomycota (hyperparasites), Chytridiomycota (both parasites and saprotrophs), and phytoplankton in the coastal waters. The fungal network featured several hubs and keystone OTUs besides the display of cooperative and competitive relationship within OTUs. These results support the notion that planktonic fungi, hitherto mostly undescribed, play diverse ecological roles in marine habitats and further outline niche processes, tripartite and co-occurrence interaction as the major drivers of their community structure and spatiotemporal distribution in the coastal water column.</p

Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of Heterostructured Ferroelectric BaTiO₃/α-Fe₂O₃ and the Significance of Interface Morphology Control

We have used a ferroelectric BaTiO₃ substrate with a hematite (α-Fe₂O₃) nanostructured surface to form a heterogeneous BaTiO₃/α-Fe₂O₃ photocatalyst. In this study we show that varying the mass ratio of α-Fe₂O₃ on BaTiO₃ has a significant influence on photoinduced decolorization of rhodamine B under simulated sunlight. The highest photocatalytic activity was obtained for BaTiO₃–Fe₂O₃-0.001M, with the lowest mass ratio of α-Fe₂O₃ in our study. This catalyst exhibited a 2-fold increase in performance compared to pure BaTiO₃ and a 5-fold increase when compared to the higher-surface-area pure α-Fe₂O₃. The increases in performance become more marked upon scaling for the lower surface area of the heterostructured catalyst. Performance enhancement is associated with improved charge-carrier separation at the interface between the ferroelectric surface, which exhibits ferroelectric polarization, and the hematite. Increasing the mass ratio of hematite increases the thickness of this layer, lowers the number of triple-point locations, and results in reduced performance enhancement. We show that the reduced performance is due to a lack of light penetrating into BaTiO₃ and to relationships between the depolarization field from the ferroelectric and carriers in the hematite. Our findings demonstrate that it is possible to use the built-in electric field of a ferroelectric material to promote charge-carrier separation and boost photocatalytic efficiency

Ferroelectric and photocatalytic properties of Aurivillius phase Ca₂Bi₄Ti₅O₁₈

Aurivillius phase Ca2Bi4Ti5O18 powders with micrometer size were produced by solidstate reaction. X-ray diffraction revealed that the powders had polar orthorhombic structure with space group of B2cb. Ca2Bi4Ti5O18 ceramic exhibited frequency independent dielectric anomaly at 774 °C. The piezoelectric coefficient d33 value of poled Ca2Bi4Ti5O18 pellets was 0.7±0.2 pC/N. Both frequency independent dielectric anomaly and detectable d33 value clearly indicated that Ca2Bi4Ti5O18 is a ferroelectric material with Curie point of 774 ℃. UV–vis absorption spectra revealed that Ca2Bi4Ti5O18 had a direct band gap of 3.2 eV. Photocatalytic activity of the Ca2Bi4Ti5O18 powders was examined by degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) under simulated solar light. 16% of RhB solution was degraded by Ca2Bi4Ti5O18 powders after 4 h UV-vis irradiation. With Ag nanoparticles deposited on the Ca2Bi4Ti5O18 powders surface, 50% of RhB were degraded under the same irradiation condition. The fitted degradation rate constant of Ag decorated Ca2Bi4Ti5O18 was 4 times higher than that of bare Ca2Bi4Ti5O18. This work suggested that the Aurivillius ferroelectric Ca2Bi4Ti5O18 is a promising candidate for photocatalytic applications

Relaxor ferroelectric and photocatalytic properties of BaBi4Ti4O15

Aurivillius phase BaBi4Ti4O15 micro-sized powders were produced by solid-state reaction and their photocatalytic properties were reported for the first time. X-ray diffraction revealed the polar orthorhombic structure. BaBi4Ti4O15 ceramics exhibited diffuse phase transition at ~ 410 C. The freezing temperature of 274 C was obtained by fitting the Vogel-Fulcher law. The distinct ferroelectric domain switching current peaks in current - electric field (I-E) loop and piezoelectric coefficient d33 value of 7.0  0.1 pC/N at room temperature further demonstrated relaxor ferroelectric behavior of BaBi4Ti4O15. UV-vis absorption spectra indicated that BaBi4Ti4O15 had a direct band gap of 3.2 eV. The photocatalytic study showed 15 % degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) solution by BaBi4Ti4O15 powders after 3.5 h UV-vis irradiation. The RhB degradation rate was further enhanced by depositing Ag nanoparticles on the BaBi4Ti4O15 powders surface. This work suggested that the relaxor ferroelectric BaBi4Ti4O15 is promising for photocatalytic applications

Relaxor ferroelectric and photocatalytic properties of BaBi4Ti4O15

Aurivillius phase BaBi4Ti4O15 micro-sized powders were produced by solid-state reaction and their photocatalytic properties were reported for the first time. X-ray diffraction revealed the polar orthorhombic structure. BaBi4Ti4O15 ceramics exhibited diffuse phase transition at ~ 410 C. The freezing temperature of 274 C was obtained by fitting the Vogel-Fulcher law. The distinct ferroelectric domain switching current peaks in current - electric field (I-E) loop and piezoelectric coefficient d33 value of 7.0 0.1 pC/N at room temperature further demonstrated relaxor ferroelectric behavior of BaBi4Ti4O15. UV-vis absorption spectra indicated that BaBi4Ti4O15 had a direct band gap of 3.2 eV. The photocatalytic study showed 15 % degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) solution by BaBi4Ti4O15 powders after 3.5 h UV-vis irradiation. The RhB degradation rate was further enhanced by depositing Ag nanoparticles on the BaBi4Ti4O15 powders surface. This work suggested that the relaxor ferroelectric BaBi4Ti4O15 is promising for photocatalytic applications

Assembly of a Hexameric Cluster of Polyoxomolybdotriphosphonate Builts from [Zn(H₂O){TeMo₆O₂₁}{N(CH₂PO₃)₃}]^6– Subunits and Its Optical and Catalytic Properties

The crown-shaped organotriphosphonate-modified 36-molybdenum cluster (NH4)18­Na7H11­[Zn­(H2O)­TeMo6O21­{N­(CH2PO3)3}]6·23H2O (1) has been synthesized, which is the largest zinc-containing organophosphonate-based polyoxometalate to date. Compound 1 was prepared in buffer solution (pH 5.5) with heptamolybdate and amino trimethylene phosphonic acid (ATMP) as the organic ligand. The polyanion constructed from a hexmeric assembly of [Zn­(H2O)­{TeMo6O21}­{N­(CH2PO3)3}]6– subunits has been fully investigated by a few characterization methods. In this work, we discovered that 1 exhibited reversible photochromism and it changed from white to reddish brown upon UV irradiation. In addition, compound 1, as a catalyst, can oxidize sulfides to sulfoxides, showing a high yield/conversion and a good selectivity

Relaxor behavior and photocatalytic properties of BaBi2Nb2O9

Lead‐free Aurivillius phase BaBi2Nb2O9 powders were prepared by solid‐state reaction. Ferroelectric measurements on BaBi2Nb2O9 (BBNO) ceramics at room temperature provided supporting evidence for the existence of polar nanoregions (PNRs) and their reversible response to an external electric field, indicating relaxor behavior. The photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B reached 12% after 3 hours irradiation of BBNO powders under simulated solar light. Silver (Ag) nanoparticles were photochemically deposited onto the surface of the BBNO powders and found to act as electron traps, facilitating the separation of photoexcited charge carriers; thus, the photocatalytic performance was significantly improved. The present study is the first examination of the photochemical reactivity of a relaxor ferroelectric within the Aurivillius family with PNRs