Nonconventional Fluorescence-Based Circularly Polarized Luminescent Core/Shell Particles: Maleic Anhydride Copolymer as the Core and Chiral Helical Polyacetylene as the Shell

Chiroptical micro/nanomaterials with circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) properties have aroused ever-increasing attention. However, the variety of such materials is seriously limited in self-assembly systems from small organic molecules. Herein, we report an unprecedented, facile strategy to achieve monodispersed polymer-based CPL-active core/shell particles using maleic anhydride copolymer as core and chiral helical polyacetylene as shell. Noticeably, the obtained core/shell particles carry no conventional fluorescent units, but can show intense blue-emitting nonconventional fluorescence with both aggregation-induced emission and concentration-enhanced emission performance. In particular, it is interesting that excitation-dependent CPL emission behavior is further observed in the core/shell particles, with the highest luminescence dissymmetry factor of 5 × 10–3. The present work provides a versatile platform with wide universality for constructing polymeric CPL nano/microarchitectures

Ellagitannin Chemistry. Studies on the Stability and Reactivity of 2,4-HHDP-Containing Glucopyranose Systems

The synthesis of a 2,4-HHDP containing glucopyranose ellagitannin model system has been achieved. Attempts to prepare a related target bearing a 1,6 bridge led instead to the discovery of a likely strain-driven tautomerization to cyclohexadienone intermediates

<i>In Vitro</i> Mouse Lymphoma Assay.

<p>Both PA and 2-BP were tested for mutations in a 4 hour exposure with metabolic activation (A and C) or for 24 hour exposure without metabolic activation (B and D). Number of induced mutants/10⁶ cells are displayed on the left hand y-axis and indicated by bars. Values above 90 mutants/10⁶ cells (Indicated by horizontal line) were considered to be mutagenic. Positive control for activation (C1 = 1 μg/mL DMBA), and without activation (C2 = 5 μg/mL MMS). Representative of three experiments, all data are mean +/− SD. The right hand axis displays cell toxicity as a function of total growth, represented by (-▴-) line. Concentrations with less than 10% total growth were considered cytotoxic and were not used to determine mutagenicity.</p

Multi-Stimulus-Responsive Fluorescent Properties of Donor-π-Acceptor Indene-1,3-dionemethylene-1,4-dihydropyridine Derivatives

Three donor (D)-π-acceptor (πA) indene-1,3-dionemethylene-1,4-dihydropyridine (IDM-DHP) derivatives with triphenylamine (TPA)/bis­(diphenylamino)­triphenylamine (BDPA-TPA) end groups were designed and synthesized. These target compounds with highly twisted conformations showed aggregation-induced emission enhancement properties in their THF/water mixtures due to the restriction of intramolecular rotation, and distinct piezofluorochromic (PFC) properties in the solid state. Interestingly, solvent-induced emission changes similar to those resulting from PFC properties can be achieved by a simple dissolution–desolvation process in different solvent systems, such as chloroform, THF, and dichloromethane. X-ray diffraction experiments revealed that the transformations between crystalline and amorphous states were responsible for the PFC properties and solvent-induced emission changes. Moreover, these compounds exhibited remarkable and reversible acid/base-induced fluorescence switching properties in both solution and the solid state. The results indicate that the IDM-DHP derivatives with a TPA/BDPA-TPA unit exhibit intriguing multi-stimulus-responsive fluorescent behaviors. The current study will help researchers to design and synthesize more aggregation-induced emission/aggregation-induced emission enhancement-active multifunctional stimulus-responsive fluorescent materials

Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay with and without metabolic activation.

<p><i>S. Typhimurium</i> strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and <i>E. Coli</i> strain WP2 were incubated with increasing concentrations of test article with or without activation, as indicated. PA and 2-BP were dissolved in DMSO at 100 mg/ml and added to each plate at the indicated concentration for overnight incubation. Reverse mutations were selected and quantified on histidine negative plates. Vehicle negative control and positive control are indicated at the top of the table. Representative of two separate experiments, all data are mean +/− SD. The positive control for strain TA98 with and without metabolic activation was 2-nitrofluorene (1 μg/plate) and 2-aminoanthracene (1 μg/plate), respectively. The positive control for strain TA100 with and without metabolic activation was sodium azide (1 μg/plate) and 2-aminoanthracene (1 μg/plate), respectively. The positive control for strain TA1535 with and without metabolic activation was sodium azide (1 μg/plate) and 2-aminoanthracene (1 μg/plate), respectively. The positive control for strain TA1537 with and without metabolic activation was 9-aminoacridine (75 μg/plate) and 2-aminoanthracene (1 μg/plate), respectively. The positive control for strain WP2 with and without metabolic activation was methyl methanesulfonate (1000 μg/plate) and 2-aminoanthracene (10 μg/plate), respectively.</p

Mammalian <i>In Vivo</i> Rat Micronucleus Assay.

<p>Rat PCE/total erythrocyte (right hand y-axis) after 24 hours exposure to increasing concentrations of PA (A) or 2-BP (B), for male (-▴-), and female (-x-) rats. The number of MPCEs/1000 PCEs (left hand y-axis) were counted in rats of each sex and represented by bars. Representative of three experiments, all data are mean +/− SD. Vehicle was used as a negative control and cyclophosphamide was used as a positive control with male and female rats reported seperately.</p

Fraction is a potent and specific inhibitor of HIV-1 fusion and reverse transcriptase-4

1 chimera NL4-3 EnvLuc/VSV-G pseudotype, washed 3 times, and then treated with increasing concentrations of SP4-2, for 24 h. Intracellular luciferase gene marker expression was quantified from cell lysates that were normalized to the same number of viable cells by the MTT assay, and percent inhibition of HIV-1 replication was calculated from a control cell culture of infected but untreated cells, and plotted on the y-axis. (B) Standard cell free fluorescent RT assay was performed in the presence of 2 units recombinant HIV-1 RT/reaction with the indicated concentrations of SP4-2. Percent inhibition was calculated comparative to assay performed in absence of treatment, 100% RT activity. Data are mean ± SD of three separate experiments.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "fraction is a potent and specific inhibitor of HIV-1 fusion and reverse transcriptase"</p><p>http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/8</p><p>Virology Journal 2008;5():8-8.</p><p>Published online 15 Jan 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2267448.</p><p></p

Fraction is a potent and specific inhibitor of HIV-1 fusion and reverse transcriptase-1

Incubated at 37°C in COatmosphere with increasing concentrations of SP4-2, as indicated, then infected with either X4-tropic NL4-3 (panel A, a-d) or with R5-tropic 81A (panel B, e-h), at 0.3 moi, in replicates (n = 4). 48 h after infection cells were quantified by FACS, and % infected cells is shown on each panel. Uninfected and untreated control (mock) is superimposed over each graph in dotted line. Representative of 4 experiments.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "fraction is a potent and specific inhibitor of HIV-1 fusion and reverse transcriptase"</p><p>http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/8</p><p>Virology Journal 2008;5():8-8.</p><p>Published online 15 Jan 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2267448.</p><p></p

Fraction is a potent and specific inhibitor of HIV-1 fusion and reverse transcriptase-3

Tmosphere with increasing concentrations of SP4-2 for 1.5 hours prior to infection. Treatment was washed off 3 times with warm media and plates were transferred to 4°C for 2 h to cool. Then the cells were infected at 4°C with NL4-3 at 0.1 moi for 2 hours. (A) Unbound virus was removed by washing with cold PBS, and viral particles remaining bound to the cells were quantified by p24 ELISA. (B) In a parallel experiment, 4°C infected plates were returned to 37°C for 48 hours, and virus replication was quantified by p24 ELISA. Data are mean ± SD of 6 replicates.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "fraction is a potent and specific inhibitor of HIV-1 fusion and reverse transcriptase"</p><p>http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/8</p><p>Virology Journal 2008;5():8-8.</p><p>Published online 15 Jan 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2267448.</p><p></p

Fraction is a potent and specific inhibitor of HIV-1 fusion and reverse transcriptase-0

10M ddC, or mock treated (0 μg SP4-2), as indicated. Then, cells were infected with HIV-1 (NL4-3) at multiplicity of infection (moi) of 0.01 for 1.5 h, washed 3 times, and returned to culture with the same concentration of each treatment, for the duration of the experiment. (A) On day 3 after infection, HIV-1 infection was quantified by luciferase gene marker expression from cell lysates that were normalized to the same number of viable cells, and expressed as relative light units (RLU) on the y-axis. (B) Viability for each cell culture treatment was quantified by MTT uptake. (C) Percent inhibition of HIV-1 was calculated from raw data in (A), utilizing the formula in the Methods, and plotted on the Y-axis as % HIV-1 Inhibition. Data are mean ± SD of three separate experiments.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "fraction is a potent and specific inhibitor of HIV-1 fusion and reverse transcriptase"</p><p>http://www.virologyj.com/content/5/1/8</p><p>Virology Journal 2008;5():8-8.</p><p>Published online 15 Jan 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2267448.</p><p></p