Laying Bare: Agamben, Chandler, and The Responsibility to Protect

This paper demonstrates the hidden similarities between Raymond Chandler’s prototypical noir The Big Sleep, and the United Nations Responsibility to Protect (R2P) document. By taking up the work of philosopher Giorgio Agamben, this paper shows that the bare life produces the form of protection embodied by Philip Marlowe in Chandler’s novel and by the United Nations Security Council in R2P. Agamben’s theorizing of the extra-legal status of the sovereign pertains to both texts, in which the protector exists outside of the law. Philip Marlowe, tasked with preventing the distribution of pornographic images, commits breaking-and-entering, withholding evidence, and murder. Analogously, R2P advocates for the Security Council’s ability to trespass laws that safeguard national sovereignty in order to prevent “bare” atrocities against human life. As Agamben demonstrates, the extra-legal position of the protector is made possible by “stripping bare” human life. This paper also gestures towards limitations of Agamben’s thought by indicating, through a comparison of these two texts, that bare life produces states of exception as the object of protection rather than punishment

The Application of Computer Musculoskeletal Modeling and Simulation to Investigate Compressive Tibiofemoral Force and Muscle Functions in Obese Children

<p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</p> <p> </p

Locations of DEGs between WT and WS in the plant hormone signal transduction pathway.

<p>Red indicates the genes upregulated in WT compared with WS plants, and green indicates the downregulated genes.</p

Comparisons between WT and WS plants during waterlogging and post-drainage.

<p>(a) DEGs in WT versus WS plants at various waterlogging time points revealed that waterlogging has a severe effect on gene expression at 9 h. (b) Expression patterns of the 66 common DEGs between WT and WS under waterlogging conditions. The RPKM values were log2 transformed. (c) A Venn diagram depicting the common and unique DEGs between 3 and 15 h of waterlogging in WT and WS plants.</p

Changes in gene expression in WT and WS plants.

<p>(a) Percentages of the expressed genes during waterlogging from 0 to 15 h as well as 20 h post drainage. (b) The number of genes significantly affected by the stress. (c) Upregulated genes using 0 h as a control. (d) Downregulated genes using 0 h as a control. (e) Upregulated genes using the former sampling point as a control, illustrating the dynamic changes in differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in sesame upon waterlogging exposure. (f) Downregulated genes using the former sampling point as a control.</p

An overview of gene expression in WT and WS plants.

<p>(a) and (b) indicate the gene expression levels (RPKM ≥ 1, RPKM: reads per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads) in WT and WS plants at each time point, respectively. (A), (B), (C), (D), and (E) correspond to the samples at 0, 3, 9, and 15 h during waterlogging and 20 h post drainage, respectively. (F) represents the gene density (mRNA, 500-kb window) in the sesame linkage groups, and (G) represents the 16 assembled pseudomolecules of sesame. (c) and (d) indicate the shared and uniquely expressed gene numbers during a time-point assay of waterlogging. WT: waterlogging-tolerant sesame genotype, WS: waterlogging-susceptible sesame genotype.</p

The core gene set responsible for waterlogging stress in sesame.

<p>(a) Venn diagrams of the special and unique DEGs at time points between 3 and 15 h under waterlogging conditions. (b) Enriched gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway categories among the upregulated (up channel) and downregulated (down channel) genes in the core set.</p

Additional file 1: of Genome-wide analysis of WRKY gene family in the sesame genome and identification of the WRKY genes involved in responses to abiotic stresses

Synteny of subgenomes in the sesame. The green bars represent the sesame chromosomes. The numbers 01–16 represent LGs within the sesame genome. Black lines on the green bars indicate the locations of sesame genes within the LGs. Colored lines indicate subgenomes in sesame (PDF 1332 kb

Genome-wide identification and comprehensive analysis of the NAC transcription factor family in <i>Sesamum indicum</i>

<div><p>The NAM, ATAF1/2, and CUC2 (NAC) family constitutes a large family of plant-specific transcription factors, involved in many aspects of physiological processes and a variety of abiotic stresses. There is little information concerning the NAC family in <i>Sesamum indicum</i>. In this study, 87 sesame NAC genes were identified and phylogenetically clustered into 12 groups with <i>Arabidopsis</i> NAC genes. A total of 83 <i>SiNAC</i> genes were distributed non-randomly on the 16 linkage groups in sesame. Four and 49 <i>SiNAC</i>s were found to be tandemly and segmentally duplicated, respectively. Expression profiles of <i>SiNAC</i> genes in different tissues (root, stem, leaf, flower, seed, and capsule) and in response to drought and waterlogging stresses by using RNA-seq data demonstrated that 23 genes were highly expressed in all tissues, 18 and 31 <i>SiNAC</i>s respond strongly to drought and waterlogging stresses, respectively. In addition, the expression of 30 <i>SiNAC</i> genes distributed in different subgroups was analyzed with quantitative real-time RT-PCR under cold, osmotic, and salt stresses, revealed that their expression patterns vary in response to abiotic stresses. <i>SiNAC</i> genes displayed diverse expression patterns among the different tissues and stress treatments, suggested that their contribution to plant growth and development in sesame and multiple stress resistance in sesame. In this study, NAC transcription factors were analyzed in sesame and some specific candidate <i>SiNAC</i> genes in response to abiotic stress for functional study were identified. This study provides valuable information to deepen our understanding of the abiotic stress responses by NAC transcription factors in sesame.</p></div

Phylogenetic relationships of membrane-bound NACs of sesame, <i>Arabidopsis</i>, and <i>O</i>. <i>sativa</i>.

<p>The full-length amino acid sequences of MTFs were aligned by Clustal X 2.1, and the phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA 5.0 by the neighbor-joining method with 1000 bootstrap replicates.</p