Image_1_Multivariate analysis differentiates intertemporal choices in both value and cognitive control network.JPEG

Choices between immediate smaller reward and long-term larger reward are referred to as intertemporal choice. Numerous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have investigated the neural substrates of intertemporal choice via conventional univariate analytical approaches, revealing dissociable activations of decisions involving immediately available rewards and decisions involving delayed rewards in value network. With the help of multivariate analyses, which is more sensitive for evaluating information encoded in spatially distributed patterns, we showed that fMRI activity patterns represent viable signatures of intertemporal choice, as well as individual differences while controlling for age. Notably, in addition to value network, regions from cognitive control network play prominent roles in differentiating between different intertemporal choices as well as individuals with distinct discount rates. These findings provide clear evidence that substantiates the important role of value and cognitive control networks in the neural representation of one’s intertemporal decisions.</p

Ionic Liquid-Derived Ultrafine Pt Nanoparticles with a Uniformly Dispersed State for Long-Life Oxygen Electroreduction

Ultrafine Pt nanoparticles (NPs) homogeneously anchored on hollow carbon nanoshells (PtIL-HCNs) via a wet-chemistry reduction of a new type of imidazolium-[PtCl6]2– ionic liquid (IL) are reported. Confined [PtCl6]2– in IL molecules effectively prevents the growth and spontaneous aggregation of the Pt NPs due to the electrochemical neutrality of the IL, resulting in a homogeneously dispersed state of Pt NPs. The PtIL-HCNs with a Pt loading of 22 wt % outperform the commercial Pt/C (40 wt %) in terms of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity and durability. The half-wave potential of PtIL-HCNs is 51 mV more positive than that of the commercial Pt/C in 0.1 M HClO4. An electrochemical surface area of 97 m2 mg–1 Pt and specific mass activity of 475 mA mg–1 Pt of PtIL-HCNs were found to be 5.6 and 2.7 times higher than those on the commercial Pt/C. Furthermore, this work demonstrates that unlike one-dimensional (1D) carbon nanotubes and two-dimensional (2D) reduced oxide graphene, the three-dimensional (3D) HCN support plays an indispensable role in preventing any stacking of Pt NPs, leading to significantly enhanced ORR activity and durability

Cloning and expression analysis of Mildew Locus O <i>(MLO)</i> genes related to powdery mildew resistance in <i>Vitis pseudoreticulata</i>, and functional characterisation of <i>VpMLO13</i>

In many plants, Mildew Locus O (MLO) genes facilitate infection by pathogens, including Erysiphe necator, the causative agent of powdery mildew (PM) in grapevines. The function of VvMLOs in Vitis vinifera has previously been demonstrated, but the identity and function of VpMLOs in V. pseudoreticulata are not yet clear. Here, we cloned MLO genes that have been implicated in PM susceptibility from the highly PM-resistant V. pseudoreticulata accession ‘Baihe-35-1’ and the PM-susceptible V. vinifera ‘Carinena’. The open reading frames (ORFs) of MLO3, MLO6, and MLO8 differed between ‘Baihe-35-1’ and ‘Carinena’. After inoculation of the leaves with Erysiphe necator, six MLO genes exhibited two distinct expression patterns in ‘Baihe-35-1’ and ‘Carinena’. Consistent with the MLO proteins in other plants, we also found that VpMLO3, VpMLO6, VpMLO11, and VpMLO13 are all localised to the plasma membrane. To further support a role for VpMLOs in susceptibility to PM, we expressed VpMlo13 in the PM-resistant Arabidopsis thaliana MLO2/6/12 triple mutant, which showed that transgenic expression of VpMLO13 restored susceptibility to PM. In addition, a yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay showed that VpMLO13 interacted with calmodulin (VpCaM). These results will provide a basis for further investigating the PM resistance mechanisms in V. pseudoreticulata.</p

FeCoO Nanosheet Grown on Free-Standing Carbon Fiber Paper for Boosting the Oxygen Evolution Reaction and Lithium-Ion Batteries

The application of transition metal oxides in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for generating pollution-free energy has received extensive attention; however, many challenges still hinder its commercial application. Herein, a carbon fiber paper (CFP) with high conductivity (σ = 176.72 S m–1) was prepared in our lab and used as a free-standing substrate for OER and LIB electrodes. The FeCoO nanosheets with a mesoporous structure are homogeneously anchored on the CFP by a hydrothermal method and air calcination oxidation. The nanosheet structure of FeCoO effectively mitigates the volumetric expansion of the FeCoO/CFP composite while cycling, preventing the collapse of FeCoO and ensuring the fabrication integrity of the electrode. Moreover, the high conductivity of CFP accelerates electron transport and enhances reaction kinetics. For OER, the prepared FeCoO/CFP composites achieve an overpotential of 258 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm–2 with a long-term durability of about 50 h. For LIBs, the FeCoO/CFP composites possess a high reversible capacity of 715.2 mA h g–1 after 300 cycles at 0.5 A g–1. It is confirmed that the self-made CFP is a good substrate for freestanding electrodes, and the FeCoO/CFP composites show potential applications in OER electrocatalysts and LIB anode materials

Halogen bond between hypervalent halogens YF₃/YF₅ (Y=Cl, Br, I) and H₂X (X= O, S, Se)

The complexes of H2X (X = O, S, Se) with hypervalent halogens YF3 and YF5 (Y = Cl, Br, I) have been studied. The σ-hole on the Y atom participates in a halogen bond with the lone pair on the chalcogen atom. In addition, some secondary interactions coexist with the halogen bond in most complexes. The interaction energy correlates with the nature of both X and Y atoms. In most cases, the complex is more stable for the heavier Y atom and the lighter X atom. Of course, there are some exceptions in H2X···YF3. YF3 forms a more stable complex with H2X than does YF5. These complexes are dominated by electrostatic interaction and the halogen bond involving H2S and H2Se exhibits some covalent character. Halogen bond plays an important role in chemical reactions and multivalent halogens can regulate chemical reactions by participating in a halogen bond. Thus we compare the effect of the chalcogen electron donor on the strength and nature of halogen bonding involving multivalent halogens.</p

Freestanding Porous Silicon@Heteroatom-Doped Porous Carbon Fiber Anodes for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries

Silicon suffers from high volume variation and poor conductivity, which limits its commercial application in lithium-ion battery anode materials. To improve the stability of Si-based electrodes, the porous structure was designed for both Si and carbon fiber. Furthermore, heteroatom doping was adopted to enhance the conductivity of carbon fiber. Three freestanding porous silicon@heteroatom-doped porous carbon fiber was successfully prepared by coaxial electrospinning. The impact of sulfur/boron doping on the electrochemical properties of anodic materials is systematically researched. The porous structure of both silicon and carbon fiber efficiently relieves the volume expansion of silicon and provides diffusion channels for ion transportation, while the S doping can increase active sites. Relying on the distinctive structure, the porous silicon@sulfur-doped porous carbon fiber (PSi@SPCF) exhibits virtually the highest reversible capacities over the reported silicon@carbon fiber composites, with an excellent reversible capacity of 1112.7 mAh·g–1 after 1000 cycles at 2.0 A·g–1, indicating the potential application of the PSi@SPCF composites in advanced energy storage

Highly Sensitive Zwitterionic Hydrogel Sensor for Motion and Pulse Detection with Water Retention, Adhesive, Antifreezing, and Self-Healing Properties

The design and synthesis of conductive hydrogels with antifreezing, long-term stable, highly sensitive, self-healing, and reusable is a critical procedure to enable applications in flexible electronics, medical monitoring, soft robotics, etc. Herein, a novel zwitterionic composite hydrogel possessing antifreezing, fast self-healing performance, water retention, and adhesion was synthesized via a simple one-pot method. LiCl, as an electrolyte and antifreeze, was promoted to dissociate under the electrostatic interaction with zwitterions, resulting in the composite hydrogels with high electrical conductivity (7.95 S/m) and excellent antifreeze ability (−45.3 °C). Meanwhile, the composite hydrogels could maintain 97% of the initial water content after exposed to air (25 °C, 55% RH) for 1 week due to the presence of salt ions. Moreover, the active groups of zwitterions could form conformal adhesion between the composite hydrogels and skin, which was particularly crucial for the stable signal output of the sensor. The dynamic borate ester bonds, active group of zwitterions, and the hydrogen bond between different components could achieve rapid self-healing (2 h, self-healing efficiency to 97%) without any external intervention. Notably, the developed PBAS-Li (poly(vinyl alcohol) Borax/acrylamide/zwitterionic-LiCl) hydrogel not only succeeded in sensitively detecting human motions but also could precisely captured handwritings signals and subtle pulse waves on the neck and wrist. The above findings demonstrated the great potential of PBAS-Li hydrogels in the field of flexible electronic devices

Nb-Doping TiO₂ Electron Transporting Layer for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

For improvement of the electron transporting and charge separation in the interface of TiO₂ and perovskite, the smooth and compact Nb-doping TiO₂ electron transporting layer was successfully prepared by a hydrolysis–pyrolysis method using an acidic titanium isopropoxide solution in isopropanol and niobium chloride (NbCl₅) as the niobium source. The planar perovskite solar cells with the undoped TiO₂ electron transporting layer gave a photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of 14.56%, while the planar perovskite solar cells with the 2.5% Nb-doping TiO₂ electron transporting layer obtained a PCE of 15.97%. When the TiO₂ nanorod array was introduced between the 2.5% Nb-doping TiO₂ electron transporting layer and the perovskite thin film, the corresponding perovskite solar cells achieved a PCE of 18.88% under illumination of simulated AM 1.5 sunlight (100 mA cm^–2)

Table_1_Clinicopathological features, therapeutic options, and significance of CD103 expression in 15 patients with follicular mucinosis.pdf

BackgroundFollicular mucinosis (FM) is generally divided into a primary benign idiopathic form and a secondary form associated with mycosis fungoides.ObjectiveTo analyze the clinical and pathological features of FM and explore the pathological significance of CD103 expression.MethodsIn this case series, we retrospective analysis the clinical, pathological, treatment and follow-up treatment of 15 cases of FM. The expression of CD103 in all cases was detected by immunohistochemistry.ResultA total of 15 patients were enrolled, 7 were primary follicular mucinosis (P-FM) and 8 were mycosis fungoides-associated follicular mucinosis (MF-FM). Lesions of both P-FM and MF-FM are difficult to distinguish, present with red or dark red plaques and follicular papules. Pathologically, MF-FM showed more significant infiltrates of folliculotropic lymphoid cells, and the amount and proportion of CD103+ cells were significantly higher than that in P-FM. Follow-up data were available for 13 patients. Three cases were resolved after surgical resection, two patients were marked improved after oral administration of hydroxychloroquine and three times ALA photodynamic therapy respectively. The rest patients showed only modest efficacy.ConclusionFM should be differentiated based on pathological characteristics and treatment response, CD103 is helpful in differential diagnosis of FM.</p

A Tandem Regiospecific [3 + 2] Annulation/Ring Cleavage Reaction for the Synthesis of β‑Ketoenamides

A series of β-ketoenamines was synthesized from various phenacyl sulfoxides bearing 1-methyl-1H-tetrazole and oximes in moderate to excellent yields. The proposed mechanism involved the generation of α-sulfines from sulfoxides through thermolytic elimination, regiospecific formal [3 + 2] annulations, and elimination of SO2. This protocol provides convenient access to a variety of synthetically valuable N-unprotected β-enaminones with absolute Z selectivity