Inhibitory Effect of Persimmon Tannin on Pancreatic Lipase and the Underlying Mechanism in Vitro

Pancreatic lipase (PL) is a critical enzyme associated with hyperlipidemia and obesity. A previous study of ours suggested that persimmon tannin (PT) was the main component accounting for the antihyperlipidemic effects of persimmon fruits, but the underlying mechanisms were unclear. In this present study, the inhibitory effect of PT on PL was studied and the possible mechanisms were evaluated by fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD) spectra, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), and molecular docking. PT had a high affinity to PL and inhibited the activity of PL with the half maximal inhibitory concertation (IC₅₀) value of 0.44 mg/mL in a noncompetitive way. Furthermore, molecular docking revealed that the hydrogen bonding and π–π stacking was mainly responsible for the interaction. The strong inhibition of PT on PL in the gastrointestinal tract might be one mechanism for its lipid-lowering effect

MOESM5 of Genome-centric metatranscriptomes and ecological roles of the active microbial populations during cellulosic biomass anaerobic digestion

Additional file 5. Phylogenetic tree showing the placement of all the 107 reconstructed PGs across the five enrichment cultures. While 3737 reference genomes were used by PhyloPhlAn for alignment, only a subset of references was displayed. Blue diamonds indicate collapsed monophyletic clades with the number of reference genomes indicated in the brackets, black squares represent PGs from cultures amended with cellulose, and black triangles with xylan. Monophyletic clades of interest have been highlighted and bootstrap values (based on 100 iterations) are shown on internal nodes. The tree was midpoint-rooted. The scale bar indicates the evolutionary distance (substitution/site). The PGs are color-coded using the same scheme as in Fig. 3

MOESM8 of Genome-centric metatranscriptomes and ecological roles of the active microbial populations during cellulosic biomass anaerobic digestion

Additional file 8. Schematic representation of the functional and ecological roles of the highly transcribed PGs in the (a) SWH-C-35, (b) GC-X-35, (c) SWH-X-35, and (d) SWH-C-55 enrichment cultures. PGs were colored following the color code in Fig. 2

MOESM1 of Physiological and molecular characterizations of the interactions in two cellulose-to-methane cocultures

Additional file 1:Table S1. Primer sequences for selected genes in RT-qPCR. Table S2. Primer sequences for internal control genes in RT-qPCR. Figure S1. Acetate concentration and CH4 production profiles of (a) monocultures of M. barkeri and (b) monocultures of M. mazei. Figure S2. (a) Acetate and formate concentrations and (b) H2 consumption and CH4 production of monocultures of M. barkeri grown with 10 mM of formate, 3 mM of acetate, and 0.95 mmol of H2. Figure S3. (a) Acetate concentration and (b) H2 consumption and CH4 production of monocultures of M. barkeri grown with 3 mM of acetate and 0.95 mmol of H2. Table S3. Products of cellulose fermentation by C. cellulovorans monocultures. Table S4. Gene expression of the selected C. cellulovorans (CC) genes in response to cocultivation with M. barkeri (MB) or M. mazei (MM) at mid-exponential growth phase. Table S5. Gene expression of the selected M. barkeri (MB) genes in response to cocultivation with C. cellulovorans (CC) at mid-exponential growth phase. Table S6. Gene expression of the selected M. mazei (MM) genes in response to cocultivation with C. cellulovorans (CC) at mid-exponential growth phase Figure S4. Comparison of the increase in cell density over the course of the experiment. Cell density at time zero was about 3.0 × 107 cells/mL for the experiments

MOESM4 of Genome-centric metatranscriptomes and ecological roles of the active microbial populations during cellulosic biomass anaerobic digestion

Additional file 4. Detailed summary of the reconstructed PGs from the five enrichment cultures

MOESM3 of Genome-centric metatranscriptomes and ecological roles of the active microbial populations during cellulosic biomass anaerobic digestion

Additional file 3. Differential coverage binning results of the SWH-C-35 enrichment culture as an example (similar plots were generated for each culture). Differential coverage between any two of the four metagenomes collected at different time points from the same enrichment culture are shown respectively, with each axis representing the metagenome coverage of the contig at the labeled time point. A total of 28 high-quality PGs were extracted from the SWH-C-35 culture as shown in the figure

MOESM7 of Genome-centric metatranscriptomes and ecological roles of the active microbial populations during cellulosic biomass anaerobic digestion

Additional file 7. Arrangement of the highly transcribed gene clusters associated with the (a) acyl-CoA dehydrogenase_FixAB complex and β-oxidation cycle, (b) Rnf complex, (c) NuoEFG hydrogenases, (d) Hnd hydrogenases, and (e) Ech and Hyp hydrogenases of the reconstructed PGs across the five enrichment cultures. Contig ID and PG ID are indicated on the left of each figure panel. Numbers on the Open Reading Frames (ORF) are the ORF ID and the numbers in brackets are sequence identities of each ORF against the corresponding ORF at the top of each panel

MOESM1 of Genome-centric metatranscriptomes and ecological roles of the active microbial populations during cellulosic biomass anaerobic digestion

Additional file 1. Sample description and sequencing summary of the (a) metagenome and (b) metatranscriptome samples

Data_Sheet_3.XLSX

<p>Nitrification plays a crucial role in global nitrogen cycling and treatment processes. However, the relationships between the nitrifier guilds of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) are still poorly understood, especially in freshwater habitats. This study examined the physiological interactions between the AOB and NOB present in a freshwater aquarium biofilter by culturing them, either together or separately, in a synthetic medium. Metagenomic and 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed the presence and the draft genomes of Nitrosomonas-like AOB as well as Nitrobacter-like NOB in the cultures, including the first draft genome of Nitrobacter vulgaris. The nitrifiers exhibited different growth rates with different ammonium (NH₄⁺) or nitrite concentrations (50–1,500 μM) and the growth rates were elevated under a high bicarbonate (HCO₃^-) concentration. The half-saturation constant (K_s for NH₄⁺), the maximum growth rate (μ_max), and the lag duration indicated a strong dependence on the synergistic relationships between the two guilds. Overall, the ecophysiological and metagenomic results in this study provided insights into the phylogeny of the key nitrifying players in a freshwater biofilter and showed that interactions between the two nitrifying guilds in a microbial community enhanced nitrification.</p

Data_Sheet_1.DOC

<p>Nitrification plays a crucial role in global nitrogen cycling and treatment processes. However, the relationships between the nitrifier guilds of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) are still poorly understood, especially in freshwater habitats. This study examined the physiological interactions between the AOB and NOB present in a freshwater aquarium biofilter by culturing them, either together or separately, in a synthetic medium. Metagenomic and 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed the presence and the draft genomes of Nitrosomonas-like AOB as well as Nitrobacter-like NOB in the cultures, including the first draft genome of Nitrobacter vulgaris. The nitrifiers exhibited different growth rates with different ammonium (NH₄⁺) or nitrite concentrations (50–1,500 μM) and the growth rates were elevated under a high bicarbonate (HCO₃^-) concentration. The half-saturation constant (K_s for NH₄⁺), the maximum growth rate (μ_max), and the lag duration indicated a strong dependence on the synergistic relationships between the two guilds. Overall, the ecophysiological and metagenomic results in this study provided insights into the phylogeny of the key nitrifying players in a freshwater biofilter and showed that interactions between the two nitrifying guilds in a microbial community enhanced nitrification.</p