On Propagation of Elastic Surface Wave in Soils

It has been proved that the propagation law of elastic surface wave emanating from machinery foundations has bearing not only on distances from vibration source but also on frequencies and depth of vibration source and external pressure acting on soil surface of wave receivers. Based on plenty of tests the calculation formulas for elastic surface wave are put forward and the computation precision of which is satisfactory

Enhancing Cross-Prompt Transferability in Vision-Language Models through Contextual Injection of Target Tokens

Vision-language models (VLMs) seamlessly integrate visual and textual data to perform tasks such as image classification, caption generation, and visual question answering. However, adversarial images often struggle to deceive all prompts effectively in the context of cross-prompt migration attacks, as the probability distribution of the tokens in these images tends to favor the semantics of the original image rather than the target tokens. To address this challenge, we propose a Contextual-Injection Attack (CIA) that employs gradient-based perturbation to inject target tokens into both visual and textual contexts, thereby improving the probability distribution of the target tokens. By shifting the contextual semantics towards the target tokens instead of the original image semantics, CIA enhances the cross-prompt transferability of adversarial images.Extensive experiments on the BLIP2, InstructBLIP, and LLaVA models show that CIA outperforms existing methods in cross-prompt transferability, demonstrating its potential for more effective adversarial strategies in VLMs.Comment: 13 page

Domestic Value Added and Employment Generated by Chinese Exports: A Quantitative Estimation

We develop an input-output methodology to estimate how Chinese exports affect the country’s total domestic value added (DVA) and employment for 1995 and 2002. Total DVA generated by exports is obtained by subtracting all direct and indirect imported intermediate goods from the gross value of exports, and total employment is obtained by adding all direct and indirect employment generated by exports. To implement these estimations, we use hitherto unpublished Chinese government data to construct several completely new datasets, including an input-output table with separate input-output and employment-output coefficients for processing and non-processing exports. In 2002 (1995), for every US$1,000 dollar of Chinese exports, DVA and employment are estimated to be US$466 (US$545) and 0.242 (0.375) person-year, respectively.Input-output tables, Chinese exports, employment, domestic value added

Trends in injury-related mortality among residents of Jiangsu Province from 2012 to 2021: an age-period-cohort analysis

ObjectiveWe investigated the temporal trends and examined age-, period-, and cohort-specific effects of injury-related deaths among residents in Jiangsu to provide evidence for future injury prevention.MethodsThis study included 406,936 injury deaths from the Jiangsu provincial population death registration system. The average annual percent change (AAPC) in age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs) was analyzed using joinpoint regression. Age-period-cohort models were generated to explore the effects of age, period, and birth cohort effects on mortality risk.ResultsASMRs for all injuries (AAPC = −2.3%), road traffic accidents (AAPC = −5.3%), suicide (AAPC = −3.8%), and drowning (AAPC = −3.9%) showed a downward trend during 2012–2021(all p < 0.05), while unintentional falls showed an upward trend (AAPC = 5.1%, p < 0.05). From 2012 to 2021, the age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs) for four primary types of injuries consistently exhibited higher among males compared to females, with rural regions displaying higher ASMRs than urban areas. Trends in ASMRs for road traffic accidents, drowning, and unintentional falls by sex and urban/rural areas were consistent with overall trends. Significant age, cohort, and period effects were identified in the trends of injury-related deaths for both sexes in Jiangsu. The age effect showed that the highest age effect for injury-related deaths was for the ages of 85 years and above, except for suicide, which was for the ages 80–84 years. Between 2012 and 2021, the period effect on road traffic accidents declined, while that on accidental falls increased. Initially, the period effect on suicide decreased but then rose, peaking in 2012 with a Relative Risk (RR) of 1.11 (95% CI: 1.04–1.19). Similarly, the period effect on drowning initially declined before rising, with the highest effect observed in 2013, at an RR of 1.12 (95% CI: 1.07–1.19). The highest cohort effects for road traffic accidents were observed in the 1957–1961 group, for accidental falls in the 1952–1956 group, and for both drowning and suicide in the 1927–1931 group.ConclusionThe mortality rate of unintentional falls has been increasing. Older adults are at high risk for the four leading injuries. The improvements in mortality rates can be attributed to advancements in education, urbanization, and the promulgation and implementation of laws and policies

Domestic Value Added and Employment Generated by Chinese Exports: A Quantitative Estimation

We develop an input-output methodology to estimate how Chinese exports affect the country’s total domestic value added (DVA) and employment for 1995 and 2002. Total DVA generated by exports is obtained by subtracting all direct and indirect imported intermediate goods from the gross value of exports, and total employment is obtained by adding all direct and indirect employment generated by exports. To implement these estimations, we use hitherto unpublished Chinese government data to construct several completely new datasets, including an input-output table with separate input-output and employment-output coefficients for processing and non-processing exports. In 2002 (1995), for every US$1,000 dollar of Chinese exports, DVA and employment are estimated to be US$466 (US$545) and 0.242 (0.375) person-year, respectively

A Method to Optimize Gross Fixed Capital Investments for Water Conservancy in China

A major concern of policymakers and researchers in China is finding an appropriate size of the gross fixed capital investments for water conservancy (GFCIWC). This paper determines the optimal proportion of GFCIWC to GDP. Unlike engineering economics, we investigate the benefits of GFCIWC at a macro-economic level, using the 1999 input-output table extended for water conservancy. Different kinds of impacts are induced by GFCIWC. These include forward benefits (flood control, water supply, irrigation, hydroelectric power, soil and water conservation, environmental protection) and backward benefits for GDP; negative social effects; and opportunity costs of GFCIWC. The results are put into a set of regression equations between total benefits of GFCIWC and the proportion of GFCIWC to GDP, from which the optimal proportion - or a desirable range - can be determined. The results may provide policymakers with guidelines for allocating investments.Water conservancy, gross fixed capital investments, input-output analysis, China,

Yearly Grain Output Predictions in China 1980-2004

China has a population of 1.3 billion and grain accordingly plays a crucial role in the Chinese economy. In this paper we suggest predicting grain output mainly by factor inputs and asset holding, and present a Systematic Integrated Prediction Approach (SIPA). The key elements of SIPA are an extended input-output model with assets, nonlinear variable coefficient forecasting equations, and using the minimum sum of the absolute values. Since 1980 we have used the approach to predict the yearly national grain output of China. The prediction lead time is more than half a year. The bumper, average, and poor harvests are accurately predicted every year. The average error rate over the period 1980-2004 is 1.9%.Grain output prediction, Systematic Integrated Prediction Approach (SIPA), extended input-output model with assets, nonlinear forecasting,