Kovács Mihály és a kibernetika oktatás kezdetei a budapesti Piarista gimnáziumban

Genotype-specific transcriptional DEGs results in resistant genotype and susceptible genotype. (XLSX 4357 kb

Diapause termination rate of diapausing <i>A</i>. <i>lucorum</i> eggs exposed to different water treatments during chilling at 4°C.

<p>The different lowercase letters indicated significant differences at the probability level of 0.05.</p

Relationship between pre-hatching period (<i>P</i>) of diapausing eggs and time to watering (<i>T</i>_<i>1</i>) under warm long day conditions.

<p>The triangle (Δ), inverted triangle, the cross (×) and bar (┬) indicate the minimum, maximum, mean and standard deviation of the pre-hatching period in each treatment, respectively. The time to watering (<i>T</i>_<i>1</i>) was 24, 35, 53, 63, 76, 84, 95 and 109 days, respectively. The exponential curve indicates the relationship (<i>P</i> = 72.53 exp (0.0037 <i>T</i>_<i>1</i>)) between the pre-hatching period and time to watering.</p

Effect of Water on Survival and Development of Diapausing Eggs of <i>Apolygus lucorum</i> (Hemiptera: Miridae) - Fig 5

<p><b>The relationship between post-diapause development duration (A) and watering-to-hatching period of resumed development (B) and the time to watering (<i>T</i></b>_{<b><i>2</i></b>}<b>) in post-diapause stage for <i>A</i>. <i>lucorum</i>.</b> The triangle (Δ), inverted triangle, the cross (×) and bar (┬) indicate the minimum, maximum, mean and standard deviation of development duration in each treatment, respectively. NDE represents the developmental duration of non-diapause eggs. The thick solid curve indicates the relationship between post-diapause development duration (<i>Dp</i>) and time to watering (<i>T</i>_<i>2</i>) (dry days experienced) described by <i>Dp</i> = 19.12 + (31.08–19.12) / (1 + exp ((8.90—<i>T</i>_<i>2</i>) / 0.56)). The thin dashed curve indicates the relationship between development duration of the post-diapause stage for the first hatchlings (<i>D</i>_<i>p1</i>) and time to watering (<i>T</i>_<i>2</i>) described by <i>D</i>_<i>p1</i> = 8.32 + (26.91–8.32) / (1 + exp ((10.07—<i>T</i>_<i>2</i>) / 3.13)). The lowercase letters indicate significant differences at the probability level of 0.05.</p

Flow chart showing water treatments during the diapause/post-diapause stage under warm long-day conditions, during the diapause termination (chilling) stage, and during the post-diapause stage (from transfer to WLD conditions after chilling until the hatching of nymphs).

<p>Watering once on day XX denotes watering on day 24, 35, 53, 63, 76, 84, 95, or 109 of incubation, respectively. Watering 2 or 3 ml every YY days means watering with either 2 or 3 ml water every 3 (watering with only 2 ml), 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 days, respectively. Soaking for 1 or 3 h every ZZ days means soaking eggs for either 1 or 3 h every 5, 10 and 15 days, respectively. Watering once on day MM denotes watering once on day 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 or 50 of chilling, respectively. Watering once on day NN denotes watering once on day 0, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 or 22 after transfer to WLD conditions, respectively.</p

Diapause termination rate of <i>A</i>. <i>lucorum</i> eggs being watered at different times during the post-diapause stage.

<p>The lowercase letters indicate significant differences at the probability level of 0.05.</p

Diapause termination rate and average pre-hatching period for diapausing eggs of <i>A</i>. <i>lucorum</i> exposed to different water treatments under warm long day conditions.

<p>Diapause termination rate and average pre-hatching period for diapausing eggs of <i>A</i>. <i>lucorum</i> exposed to different water treatments under warm long day conditions.</p

The post-diapause development duration of <i>A</i>. <i>lucorum</i> eggs with different water treatments during chilling at 4°C.

<p>NDE represents the developmental duration of non-diapause eggs. The different lowercase letters above each box indicated significant differences at the probability level of 0.05.</p

The effects of food components on the digestion of DNA by pepsin

<p>Recently, our study found that naked nucleic acids (NAs) can be digested by pepsin. To better understand the fate of dietary DNA in the digestive tract, in this study we investigated the effects of several food compositions on its digestion. The results showed that protein inhibited the digestion of DNA when the protein:DNA ratio was higher than 80:1 (m/m). DNA found in nucleoprotein (NA), which more closely resembles the state of DNA in food, was as efficiently digested as naked DNA. When the carbohydrate:DNA ratio was 50:1–140:1 (m/m), mono-, di- and polysaccharides did not inhibit DNA digestion. NaCl exhibited an inhibitory effect at 300 mM, whereas divalent cations (Ca²⁺and Mg²⁺) exerted a much stronger inhibitory effect even at 50 mM. The polycation compounds (e.g. chitosan and spermine) showed a significant inhibitory effect at N/P (NH₃⁺/PO₄⁻) = 10:1. The close relationship between food composition and DNA digestion suggests that dietary habits and food complexes are important for understanding the <i>in vivo</i> fate of the ingested DNA in the digestive tract.</p

Non-Enzymatic Depurination of Nucleic Acids: Factors and Mechanisms

<div><p>Depurination has attracted considerable attention since a long time for it is closely related to the damage and repair of nucleic acids. In the present study, depurination using a pool of 30-nt short DNA pieces with various sequences at diverse pH values was analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Kinetic analysis results showed that non-enzymatic depurination of oligodeoxynucleotides exhibited typical first-order kinetics, and its temperature dependence obeyed Arrhenius’ law very well. Our results also clearly showed that the linear relationship between the logarithms of rate constants and pH values had a salient point around pH 2.5. Interestingly and unexpectedly, depurination depended greatly on the DNA sequences. The depurination of poly (dA) was found to be extremely slow, and thymine rich sequences depurinated faster than other sequences. These results could be explained to some extent by the protonation of nucleotide bases. Moreover, two equations were obtained based on our data for predicting the rate of depurination under various conditions. These results provide basic data for gene mutagenesis and nucleic acids metabolism in acidic gastric juice and some acidic organelles, and may also help to rectify some misconceptions about depurination.</p></div