Som+ cells in the EPL of mouse OB are produced before birth and express Sp8.

<p>(A) Representative images of the BrdU+/Som+/Sp8+ cells in the EPL of the mouse OB. (B) High magnification of the boxed areas in A showing the BrdU+/Som+/Sp8+ cells. (C) Quantification of the percentage of Som+ cells that were labeled with BrdU in the EPL of the mouse OB. (D) Representative images of the GFP+/Som+/Sp8+ cells in the EPL of the mouse OB four weeks after the replication-incompetent retroviruses encoding GFP were injected into the SVZ of the P0 rat. Scale bars: 50 µm (in D3 applies to A and D), 20 µm (in E2 applies to B and E).</p

The density of the Som+ cells in the EPL of the OB is significantly decreased in the Sp8 conditional mutant mice.

<p>(A–D) The representative images that showing the expression of Sp8 (A), Som+ (B), Som+/CR+ (C) and Som+/PV+ (D) cells in the EPL in the OB of adult control mice. (E–H) The representative images showing the expression of Sp8 (E), Som+ (F), Som+/CR+ (G) and Som+/PV+ (H) cells in the EPL in the OB of adult Emx1-Cre; Sp8 ^Flox/flox mutant mice. (I–L) The representative images that showing the expression of Sp8 (I), Som+ (J), Som+/CR+ (K) and Som+/PV+ (L) cells in the EPL in the OB of adult Dlx5/6-CIE; Sp8 ^Flox/flox mutant mice. (M–P) The representative images that showing the expression of Sp8 (M), Som+ (N), Som+/CR+ (O) and Som+/PV+ (P) cells in the EPL in the OB of adult Nestin-Cre; Sp8 ^Flox/flox mutant mice. Scale bars: 50 µm (bar in P applies to A–P), 20 µm (in P2 applies to C1, C2, D1, D2, G1, G2, H1, H2, K1, K2, L1, K2, O1, O2, P1 and P2).</p

The Production of Somatostatin Interneurons in the Olfactory Bulb Is Regulated by the Transcription Factor Sp8

<div><p>Somatostatin (Som), one of the most concentrated neuropeptides in the brain, is highly expressed in the olfactory bulb (OB). However, the temporal profile by which OB somatostatin-expressing (Som+) interneurons are produced and the molecular mechanisms controlling this profile are totally unknown. In the present study, we found that all the Som+ interneurons in the mouse external plexiform layer (EPL) and the rat glomerular layer (GL) express the transcription factor Sp8.Using the 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) birth dating method, combined with immunostaining, we showed that the generation of Som+ interneurons in the mouse and rat OB is confined to the later embryonic and earlier postnatal stages. Within the mouse OB, the production of Som+ interneurons is maximal during late embryogenesis and decreases after birth, whereas the generation of Som+ interneurons is low during embryogenesis and increases gradually after birth in the rat OB. Interestingly, genetic ablation of Sp8 by cre/<i>loxP</i>-based recombination severely reduces the number of Som+ interneurons in the EPL of the mouse OB. Taken together, these results suggest that Sp8 is required for the normal production of Som+ interneurons in the EPL of the mouse OB.</p></div

Som+ cells in the GL of rat OB are produced after birth and express Sp8.

<p>(A) Representative images of the BrdU+/Som+/Sp8+ cells in the GL of the rat OB. (B) High magnification of the boxed areas in A showing the BrdU+/Som+/Sp8+ cells. (C) Quantification of the percentage of Som+ cells that were labeled with BrdU in the GL of the rat OB. (D) Representative images of the GFP+/Som+/Sp8+ cells in the GL of rat OB four weeks after the replication-incompetent retroviruses encoding GFP were injected into the SVZ of the P0 rat. Scale bars: 50 µm (in D3 applies to A and D), 20 µm (in E2 applies to B and E).</p

Virtually all of the Som+ cells express Sp8 in the OB.

<p>(A) The Som+ cells in the GL of the adult rat OB express <i>Sp8.</i> (B) High magnification of the boxed areas in A showing the Som+/Sp8 cells. (C) The Som+ cells with a larger soma in the GCL do not express Sp8 in the rat OB. (D) The Som+ cells in the EPL of the mouse OB express Sp8. (E) High magnification of the boxed areas in D showing the Som+/Sp8+ cells. (F) The Som+ cells with a larger soma in the GCL do not express Sp8 in the mouse OB. Scale bars: 50 µm (in F2 applies to A, C, D and F), 20 µm (in E2” applies to B and E).</p

Dlx5/6 and Emx1 lineage contribute to the Som+ interneurons in the OB.

<p>(A) Representative images of the GFP+ cells that express Som in the OB of adult Dlx5/6-CIE; Z/EG mice. (B) Representative images of the GFP+ cells that express Som in the OB of adult Emx1-Cre; Z/EG mice. Scale bars: 50 µm (in B2 applies to A and B).</p

Additional file 2 of Neoantigens and the tumor microenvironment play important roles in the prognosis of high-grade serous ovarian cancer

Additional file 2: Supplementary Figure S2. TMB comparison of HSGC patients with PFS 12 months in The Cancer Genome Alas (TCGA) databas

Additional file 1 of Neoantigens and the tumor microenvironment play important roles in the prognosis of high-grade serous ovarian cancer

Additional file 1: Supplementary Figure S1. The mutational landscape of 16 patients. The top 14 mutated genes (mutated sample number ≥3) in these 16 patients are shown

Additional file 1 of Endoscopic and histopathological hints on infections in patients of common variable immunodeficiency disorder with gastrointestinal symptoms

Additional file 1

Additional file 6 of Cronkhite‒Canada syndrome as inflammatory hamartomatous polyposis: new evidence from whole transcriptome sequencing of colonic polyps

Additional file 6: Table S3. Transcription Factor analysis result based on differentially expressed genes (DEGs)