Pengaruh Konsentrasi Ekstrak Daun Kepel (Stelechocarpus Burahol (Bl) Hook F. & Th.) Terhadap Aktivitas Antioksidan Dan Sifat Fisik Sediaan Krim

This research was aimed to determine the effect of concentrations of Kepel leaves\u27 (Stelechocarpus burahol (BL) Hook f. & Th.)extract to antioxidant activity and physical properties of cream. Kepel leaves\u27 extract were made by infundation method. The antioxidant activity was tested by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging method. Cream was made in three formulas with variation concentrations of Kepel leaves\u27 extract (2,5; 5,0; 7,5%b/b) using w/o basis. Physical stability parameters tested in this research were homogenity, dispersive power, adhesion, and viscosity. Data were then analyzed statistically by ANOVA One Way and Turkey Test at 95% level of significance. The results showed that concentration of Kepel leaves\u27 extract as an active ingredient cause different color, odor, and viscosity of the cream. The concentrationdifference of Kepel Leaves\u27 extract as an active ingredient was not affected the homogenity, adhesion, and the separation ratio of the cream. The difference concentration was not cause affected daya sebar cream unless the formula II (5.0% w/w) and formula III (7.5% w/w). Increasing concentration of Kepel leaves\u27 extract caused a different antioxidant activity unless the formula II (5.0% w/w) and formula III (7.5% w/w)

Redox changes affected Rst2 transcriptional activity upon glucose deprivation.

<p>(A and B) H₂O₂ enhanced Rst2 transcriptional activity upon glucose deprivation. Wild-type cells harboring the reporter plasmid were treated with GD in the presence or absence of H₂O₂ (0.125 mM to 1.0 mM). (C and D) NAC inhibited Rst2 transcriptional activity upon glucose deprivation. Wild-type cells harboring the reporter plasmid were treated with GD in the presence or absence of NAC (31 μM to 250 μM). </p

MOESM1 of Inducing perylenequinone production from a bambusicolous fungus Shiraia sp. S9 through co-culture with a fruiting body-associated bacterium Pseudomonas fulva SB1

Additional file 1: Table S1. Effect of live bacteria on total PQ accumulation of host fungus Shiraia sp. S9 in solid-state cultures. Table S2. Physiological and biochemical characteristics of bacterium No. 11 named P. fulva SB1. Table S3. Total sugar and protein contents of various fractions of bacterium SB1 extract. Table S4. The primers of the target genes and the internal reference gene used for qRT-PCR. Figure S1. The examples of the effects of live bacteria on the growth and red pigments secretion of Shiraia sp. S9. Figure S2. Effects of hot water extract (BE) of P. fulva SB1 cells at different concentrations on mycelium dry biomass (A), PQ contents in mycelium (B), the released PQ in cultural broth (C) and total PQ production (D) in submerged culture of Shiraia sp. S9. Figure S3. Effects of crude polysaccharide (BPS) of P. fulva SB1 cells at different concentrations on mycelium dry biomass (A), PQ contents in mycelium (B), the released PQ in cultural broth (C) and total PQ production (D) in submerged culture of Shiraia sp. S9. Figure S4. The effect of live P. fulva SB1 on conidia production of Shiraia sp. S9 (400 ×). The mycelia of S9 were kept on PDA (A, C, E) without or (B, D, F) with SB1 cells for 8 days. Arrow indicates the conidium. The procedure of fungal–bacterial confrontation assay was the same as specified in Fig. 1

VPA triggers Ca²⁺ influx via the Cch1-Yam8 channel complex.

<p>(A) The increase in the cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ level is derived from the extracellular medium. The experiment was performed as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0068738#pone-0068738-g004" target="_blank">Figure 4</a>, expect that prior to the addition of 6 mM VPA, various concentrations of BAPTA (0.5, 1 and 2 mM) were added to chelate Ca²⁺ in EMM medium. The data are representative of six independent experiments. (B) The <i>cch1</i> deletion abolished VPA-induced Ca²⁺ influx. The Δ<i>cch1</i> cells harboring pKB6892 were cultured and assayed as described in the legend of <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0068738#pone-0068738-g004" target="_blank">Figure 4A</a>. The data are representative of six independent experiments. (C) The <i>yam8</i> deletion abolished VPA-induced Ca²⁺ influx. The Δ<i>yam8</i> cells harboring pKB6892 were cultured and assayed as described in the legend of <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0068738#pone-0068738-g004" target="_blank">Figure 4A</a>. The data are representative of six independent experiments. (D) The VPA-induced Ca²⁺ influx was observed in Δ<i>pmk1</i>. The Δ<i>pmk1</i> cells harboring pKB6892 were cultured and assayed as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0068738#pone-0068738-g004" target="_blank">Figure 4A</a>. The data are representative of six independent experiments.</p

Genome-Wide Screening for Genes Associated with Valproic Acid Sensitivity in Fission Yeast

<div><p>We have been studying the action mechanisms of valproic acid (VPA) in fission yeast <i>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</i> by developing a genetic screen for mutants that show hypersensitivity to VPA. In the present study, we performed a genome-wide screen of 3004 haploid deletion strains and confirmed 148 deletion strains to be VPA sensitive. Of the 148 strains, 93 strains also showed sensitivity to another aliphatic acids HDAC inhibitor, sodium butyrate (SB), and 55 strains showed sensitivity to VPA but not to SB. Interestingly, we found that both VPA and SB treatment induced a marked increase in the transcription activity of Atf1 in wild-type cells. However, in <i>clr6-1</i>, a mutant allele the <i>clr6⁺</i> gene encoding class I HDAC, neither VPA- nor SB induced the activation of Atf1 transcription activity. We also found that VPA, but not SB, caused an increase in cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ level. We further found that the cytoplasmic Ca²⁺ increase was caused by Ca²⁺ influx from extracellular medium via Cch1-Yam8 channel complex. Altogether, our present study indicates that VPA and SB play similar but distinct roles in multiple physiological processes in fission yeast.</p></div

NO may be involved in the activation of Rst2.

<p>(A and B) NO generators activated Rst2 transcriptional activity. Wild-type cells harboring the reporter plasmid were treated with GR or GD in the presence or absence of 125 μM NO generators (SNAP, DEA NONOate or SNP). (C and D) Calboxy-PTIO inhibited Rst2 transcriptional activity upon glucose deprivation. Wild-type cells harboring the reporter plasmid were treated with GD in the presence or absence of calboxy-PTIO (0.125 mM to 1 mM). Error bars, mean ± S.D. (n ≥ 3).</p

Deletion of the <i>trx2</i>⁺ gene enhanced Rst2 transcriptional activity.

<p>(A) The Δ<i>trx1</i> and Δ<i>trx2</i> cells showed H₂O₂-sensitive phenotype. Wild-type, Δ<i>trx1</i> and Δ<i>trx2</i> cells were streaked onto YES plates with or without 3 mM H₂O₂, and cultured at 30°C for 3 days. (B) Deletion of the <i>trx2</i>⁺ gene enhanced Rst2 transcriptional activity. Wild-type and Δ<i>trx2</i> cells harboring the reporter plasmid were cultured and assayed as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0078012#pone-0078012-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1A</a>. (C and D) Deletion of the <i>trx2</i>⁺ gene specifically enhanced Rst2 transcriptional activity. Wild-type, Δ<i>trx2</i>, Δ<i>tpx1</i> and Δ<i>pap1</i> cells harboring the reporter plasmid were cultured and assayed as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0078012#pone-0078012-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1A</a>. Error bars, mean ± S.D. (n ≥ 3).</p

NO generator SNAP activated Rst2 transcriptional activity.

<p>(A and B) SNAP enhanced Rst2 transcriptional activity upon glucose deprivation. Wild-type cells harboring the reporter plasmid were assayed in GD media in the presence or absence of SNAP. (C and D) SNAP enhanced Rst2 transcriptional activity under glucose-rich conditions. Wild-type cells harboring the reporter plasmid were assayed in GR media in the presence or absence of SNAP. </p

PKA inhibited Rst2 transcriptional activity.

<p>(A and B) Deletion of the <i>pka1</i>⁺ gene enhanced Rst2 transcriptional activity. The wild-type and Δ<i>pka1</i> cells harboring the reporter plasmid were cultured and assayed as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0078012#pone-0078012-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1A</a>. (C) The effect of cAMP on Rst2 transcriptional activity. The wild-type and Δ<i>pka1</i> cells harboring the reporter plasmid were treated with GD in the presence or absence cAMP (2.5 mM to 10 mM). Error bars, mean ± S.D. (n ≥ 3).</p

Monitoring of Rst2 transcriptional activity in living cells by using the <i>Renilla</i> luciferase reporter assay.

<p>(A) Glucose deprivation induced a marked increase in transcriptional activation. Wild-type cells harboring the reporter plasmid were cultured and assayed as described under “Materials and Methods”. GR (light gray line) indicates that the cells were resuspended in glucose-rich medium (GR). GD (dark gray line) indicates that the cells were resuspended in low glucose medium to induce glucose deprivation (GD). Y-axis values are the ratio of relative light units (RLU) of each sample to that of wild-type cells in GR at 150 minutes. The data shown are representative of multiple experiments. (B) Glucose deprivation-induced transcriptional activation is completely abolished in Δ<i>rst2</i> cells. The Δ<i>rst2</i> cells harboring the reporter plasmid were cultured and assayed as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0078012#pone-0078012-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1A</a>. (C) Rst2 is specifically activated by glucose deprivation. Wild-type cells harboring the reporter plasmid were treated with GR, GD, 1 mM H₂O₂, 300 mM KCl or 1 mM CdCl₂ as indicated. Area under the curve (AUC) is expressed as a percentage of RLU of wild-type cells in GD from 0 to 300 minutes. Error bars, mean ± S.D. (n ≥ 3).</p