The influence scope with different proportions of spreader on three real networks, where <i>λ</i> = 1.5, <i>β</i> = 1/<<i>k</i>>.

<p>Each data point is obtained by averaging over 200 independent runs.</p

Stability of Chlorogenic Acid from Artemisiae Scopariae Herba Enhanced by Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents as Green and Biodegradable Extraction Media

A green and inexpensive natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) was screened and integrated with an ultrasonic technique for extracting chlorogenic acid (CGA) from artemisiae scopariae herba. Response surface methodology was employed to investigate significant factors and optimize their influence. Proline–malic acid exhibited an excellent extraction capacity with a yield of 28.23 mg/g under the optimal conditions of water content of 15% (wt), solid–liquid ratio of 1.0/10 (g/mL), ultrasonic power of 300 W, and extraction time of 25 min. Simultaneously, the stability and antioxidant activity analysis exhibited a better performance of CGA in NADES than that in water and ethanol. The hydrogen-bonding interaction between CGA and natural deep eutectic molecules enhanced the stability and meanwhile protected the antioxidant activity of CGA

Selective Conversion of Lignin Catalyzed by Palladium Supported on N‑Doped Carbon

Highly selective conversion of lignin is essential to enable high-value utilization of lignin. Herein, we have prepared a palladium supported on N-doped carbon catalyst modified by 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene (TMB). The Pd nanoparticles are better dispersed on the TMB-modified catalyst than on the original catalyst. Therefore, the catalyst modified by TMB is more effective than the original catalyst in selectively converting lignin. When the organosolv lignin is catalyzed by 3 wt % Pd/CBFS-26-TMB (1:2) at 280 °C for 5 h, the yield of phenolic acid is 25.71 wt % and the biochar yield is only 4.5 wt %. Significantly, 52.59% of the phenolic acid monomers are 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenylacetic acid with a yield of 13.52 wt %. Thus, the catalyst 3 wt % Pd/CBFS-26-TMB (1:2) can effectively break the C–C and C–O bonds in the β–O–4 structure to convert lignin into 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenylacetic acid. We have also discussed the possible mechanism of lignin conversion into main products. This provides an essential approach for the high-value utilization of lignin

List of the estimated parameter values.

<p>Parameters such as mRNA degradation rates are estimated based on our data or from existing literatures. Values of other parameters such as activation/inhibition threshold <i>k</i> and relative weights <i>K</i> are estimated to fit in the time course data by genetic algorithm of least square regression. Degradation rates are in the unit of/min. Activation/inhibition thresholds, nonlinearity coefficients and relative weights for multiple inputs are non-dimensionalized.</p

The spreader identification process of our method.

<p>(a) A toy network with 10 nodes and 3 super-nodes; (b) two spreaders identified by our method.</p

The growth ratio on three real networks for three centrality indices.

<p>The growth ratio on three real networks for three centrality indices.</p

The coverage ratios on three synthetic networks.

<p>The coverage ratios on three synthetic networks.</p

The grow ratios on three synthetic networks.

<p>The grow ratios on three synthetic networks.</p

The comparisons between our method and the <i>k</i>-medoid method on karate and football networks, where <i>λ</i> = 1.1, <i>β</i> = 1/<<i>k</i>>.

<p>Each data point is obtained by averaging over 100000 independent runs.</p

The influence scope with different proportions of spreader on three synthetic networks, where <i>λ</i> = 1.5, <i>β</i> = 1/<<i>k</i>>.

<p>Each data point is obtained by averaging over 200 independent runs.</p