Table3_Research on temporal and spatial evolution of land use and landscape pattern in Anshan City based on GEE.XLS

Frequent mining activities can bring about problems such as soil erosion and environmental pollution, which are detrimental to the efficient use of land and the sustainable development of cities. Existing studies have paid little attention to mining areas and lack comparative analysis of landscape changes in multiple mining pits. In this paper, the main urban area of Anshan City, where the mining areas are concentrated, was used as the research area, and the Landsat TM/OLI surface reflectance (SR) data of the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform and the random forest algorithm were used to map the land use in 2008, 2014, and 2020. On this basis, land use dynamics and landscape pattern indices were used to analyze the changes in land use and landscape patterns in the Anshan City area. In addition, a moving window method was combined to further analyze and compare the landscape changes between different pits. The results show that:1. From 2008 to 2020, the construction land in Anshan urban area continued to decline, the forest land continued to expand, and the construction land was shifted to the forest land and cultivated land. Mining land increased before 2014 and remained almost unchanged after 2014, which is in line with the actual situation. 2. During the study period, the landscape fragmentation degree and landscape heterogeneity in the urban area of Anshan kept increasing. The high value areas of landscape fragmentation were the urban-rural combination areas and the mining areas. Among them, the reclamation of Dagushan and Donganshan is better, while the reclamation of Anqian, Yanqianshan and Xiaolingzi mines needs to be strengthened. 3. The random forest algorithm based on GEE shows a high degree of accuracy for land use classification. The overall classification accuracy in 3 years exceeds 90% and the kappa coefficient exceeds 0.85. The study results can be used as an essential reference for optimizing the urban ecological environment and provide technical backing for the urbanization construction and rational use of land in Anshan City.</p

Development, optimization and <i>in vitro</i> evaluation of norcantharidin loadedself-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (NCTD-SNEDDS)

<p>This study focused on developing a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) containing bioactive surfactants under an efficient screening approach for overcoming problems associated with the delivery of norcantharidin (NCTD), a high dose chemotherapy agent having pH dependent solubility. Preliminary screening was implemented to select proper components combination. Besides the solubility of NCTD in the oil phase, emulsifying efficiency, droplet size and size distribution were also employed to select components of the SNEDDS. Moreover, the influence of surfactant and co-surfactant on the interfacial tension and droplets of nanoemulsions were investigated to further understand the mechanism of spontaneous emulsification. Co-surfactant addition promoted the emulsification via reducing the water/oil interfacial tension and viscosity. Ternary phase diagrams were constructed to investigate the phase behavior and designate the optimum systems. The alternative formulations were characterized for cloud point, dilution robustness, droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). <i>In vitro</i> dissolution study showed that the dissolution rate of optimized formulation (NCTD 10 mg/g, EO 50 wt.%, Cremophor EL 35 wt.%, ethylene glycol 15 wt.%) was slower than drug suspension under the same conditions, confirming that the developed SNEDDS formulation would exhibit sustained release potential.</p

Purification of <i>E. coli</i> produced recombinant PP5 proteins.

<p>Lane M: protein marker; Lane 1: total soluble cell lysate; Lane 2: flow-through elution; Lane 3: wash-down elution; Lane 4∶150 mM imidazole elution.</p

IC₅₀ values of inhibitors against recombinant PP5 proteins.

<p>IC₅₀ values of inhibitors against recombinant PP5 proteins.</p

Sequences of all primers used in this work.

<p>Sequences of all primers used in this work.</p

Arachidonic acid stimulation assays.

<p>(A) Arachidonic acid stimulation of recombinant HaPP5, MsPP5, and PxPP5 proteins. (B) Responses of crude PPP extracts to arachidonic acid using phosphopeptides as substrate. (C) Responses of tPxPP5 (TPR-domains truncated PxPP5), TrxA-tPxPP5 (TPR-domains truncated PxPP5 fused with TrxA tag at N-terminus), and PxPP5 (wild type PxPP5) to 150 µM arachidonic acid. Asterisk indicates a significant difference between two groups (*, <i>p</i><0.05) obtained by Student <i>t</i>-test. Results are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 3).</p

Amino acid sequence comparison of insect PP5s.

<p>Alignment of the deduced amino acid sequences of HaPP5, MsPP5, and PxPP5 were made with other insect PP5s from <i>B. mori</i> (XP_004923376), <i>T. castaneum</i> (XP_971407), and <i>D. willistoni</i> (XP_002070260). The positions of the three TPR (tetratricopeptide repeat) domains are indicated with lines of yellow, green, and purple above the sequences. The catalytic domain and helix αJ motif are indicated with a red line and blue line above those sequences, respectively. Three characteristic motifs are marked with orange rectangles.</p

Inhibition assay of protein phosphatase inhibitors against recombinant proteins (A) and crude PPP extracts (B).

<p>Results are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 3). The statistic differences were tested by One-Way ANOVA.</p

Key Residues Involved in the Interaction between Cydia pomonella Pheromone Binding Protein 1 (CpomPBP1) and Codlemone

Codlemone exhibited high affinity to CpomPBP1; studying their binding mode can provide insights into the rational design of active semiochemicals. Our findings suggested that residues including Phe12, Phe36, Trp37, Ile52, Ile 94, Ala115, and Phe118 were favorable to the binding of codlemone to CpomPBP1, whereas residues providing unfavorable contributions such as Ser56 were negative to the binding. van der Waals energy and electrostatic energy, mainly derived from the side chains of favorable residues, contributed most to the formation and stability of the CpomPBP1–codlemone complex. Of the residues involved in the interaction between CpomPBP1 and codlemone, Phe12 and Trp37, the mutation of which into Ala caused a significant decrease of CpomPBP1 binding ability, were two key residues in determining the binding affinity of codlemone to CpomPBP1. This study shed light on discovering novel active semiochemicals as well as facilitating chemical modification of lead semiochemicals

Phylogenetic relationships of HaPP5, MsPP5, and PxPP5 with other insect PP5s.

<p>Nodes with distance bootstrap values (1000 replicates) are shown. HaPP5, MsPP5, and PxPP5 are marked with filled circles.</p