One-Pot Synthesis of β‑Hydroxysulfones and Its Application in the Preparation of Anticancer Drug Bicalutamide

An efficient one-pot multistep strategy has been developed, comprising auto-oxidative difunctionalization of alkenes, oxidation of sulfides, and a further reduction of peroxides for the synthesis of complex β-hydroxysulfone derivatives from phenthiols and alkenes. This method has several advantageous characteristics, including readily available substrates, low-cost and environmental benign reagents, nontoxic and renewable solvents, and mild reaction conditions. The application of this transformation to the multigram-scale preparation of the anticancer drug bicalutamide is accomplished

NJ tree based on nucleotide sequences in Data Set 1.

<p>Bootstrap values lower than 50 on branches are not shown.</p

Phylogenetic topology tree of 30 species.

<p>1, Sauropsida; 2, Mammalia; 3, Amniota; 4, Amphibia; 5, Tetrapoda; 6, Coelacanthiformes; 7, Sarcopterygii; 8, Lepisosteiformes; 9, Cypriniformes; 10, Characiformes; 11, Otocephala; 12, Salmoniformes; 13, Gadiformes; 14, Beloniformes; 15, Tetraodontiformes; 16, Gasterosteiformes; 17, Perciformes; 18, unnamed; 19, Percomorpha; 20, Acanthopterygii; 21, Neoteleostei; 22, Euteleostei; 23, Teleostei; 24, Actinopterygii; 25, Osteichthyes; 26, Chondrichthyes.</p

Schematic drawings and predicted evolutionary changes of FoxP2, FoxP2a and FoxP2b.

<p>(A) FOXP2 in <i>Homo sapiens</i> (top), FoxP2a in <i>Oryzias latipes</i> (middle) and FoxP2b in <i>Oryzias latipes</i> (bottom). M1 – Methionine coded by initiator; Numbers – Amino acid sites linking exons. (B) Branches of FoxP2b are shown in grey. Red square node indicates teleost-specific FoxP2 duplication. Symbols of ‘*’ and ‘I’ under schematic drawings represent losses of poly-Glutamine and inserts, respectively. The square dotted branch indicates lineage-specific deletion of FoxP2b in Otocephala. Despite a comparatively short length, exon-compositions of FoxP2b in euteleosts are still obscure.</p

The phylogenetic topology tree for functional divergence and natural selection pressures tests in Data Set 2.

<p>Numbers adjacent to nodes represent ancestral FoxP2 and FoxP2a. The filled square under a branch indicates that the gene has undergone positive selection in the evolutionary status; the blank square indicates that the gene has experienced accelerated evolution.</p

The thermodynamic stability changes of monomers (arrows with open arrowheads) and homodimers (arrows with circled arrowheads) based on average differences in total Gibbs free energy (ADTE).

<p>Rightward pointing arrowheads indicate insignificant thermodynamic stability changes. Upward and downward pointing arrowheads represent significant destabilizing and stabilizing thermodynamic stability changes, respectively. </p

Pairwise comparisons of 40 (20 upstream and 20 downstream) protein-coding genes flanking FoxP2, <i>FoxP2a</i> or <i>FoxP2b</i> among eight vertebrates.

<p>The solid lines represent chromosomes (or scaffold) of species, i.e. Chr. 7 of <i>Homo sapiens</i> (H.s.), Chr. 1A of <i>Taeniopygia guttata</i> (T.g.), Chr. 5 of <i>Anolis carolinensis</i> (A.c.), GL172672.1 of <i>Xenopus tropicalis</i> (X.t.), Chr. 4 of <i>Danio rerio</i> (D.r.), Chr. 23 and 6 of <i>Oryzias latipes</i> (O.l.), Chr. LG17 and LG13 of <i>Oreochromis niloticus</i> (O.n.) and Chr. 19 and 13 of <i>Tetraodon nigroviridis</i> (T.n.). The arrow head of each solid line points toward the forward direction of the corresponding chromosome. Crossing points of the solid lines indicate gene loci for FoxP2, <i>FoxP2a</i> or <i>FoxP2b</i>. Short dashed lines and dotted lines show the borders of pairwise comparisons and the measuring scale of gene loci, respectively. The points with blue, sky blue, orange and green indicate that the corresponding gene pairs are one-to-one orthologous, one-to-many or many-to-many orthologous, possibly orthologous and intraspecific paralogous, respectively.</p

The phylogenetic topology tree for functional divergence and natural selection pressures tests in Data Set 1.

<p>Numbers adjacent to nodes represent ancestral FoxP2, FoxP2a and FoxP2b. Forkhead domain evolutionary changes between neighboring nodes are listed above the branches. The filled square under a branch indicates that the gene has undergone positive selection in the evolutionary status; the blank square represents that the gene has experienced accelerated evolution.</p

Nanoporous Graphitic Carbon Nitride with Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance

Nanoporous g-C₃N₄ (npg-C₃N₄) with high surface area was prepared by a bubble-templating method. A higher calcination heating rate and proportion of thiourea can result in a larger surface area and better adsorption and photodegradation activities of npg-C₃N₄. Compared with the bulk g-C₃N₄, the adsorption capacity for the target pollutants and photocatalytic degradation and photocurrent performances under visible light irradiation of npg-C₃N₄ were greatly improved. The optimal photodegradation activity of npg-C₃N₄ was 3.4 times as high as that of the bulk g-C₃N₄. The enhanced activities of npg-C₃N₄ can be attributed to the larger number of surface active sites, improved separation of photogenerated electron–hole pairs, and higher efficiency of charge immigration

Media 4: Flexible real-time natural 2D color and 3D shape measurement

Originally published in Optics Express on 15 July 2013 (oe-21-14-16736