Pengaruh Konsentrasi Ekstrak Daun Kepel (Stelechocarpus Burahol (Bl) Hook F. & Th.) Terhadap Aktivitas Antioksidan Dan Sifat Fisik Sediaan Krim

This research was aimed to determine the effect of concentrations of Kepel leaves\u27 (Stelechocarpus burahol (BL) Hook f. & Th.)extract to antioxidant activity and physical properties of cream. Kepel leaves\u27 extract were made by infundation method. The antioxidant activity was tested by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging method. Cream was made in three formulas with variation concentrations of Kepel leaves\u27 extract (2,5; 5,0; 7,5%b/b) using w/o basis. Physical stability parameters tested in this research were homogenity, dispersive power, adhesion, and viscosity. Data were then analyzed statistically by ANOVA One Way and Turkey Test at 95% level of significance. The results showed that concentration of Kepel leaves\u27 extract as an active ingredient cause different color, odor, and viscosity of the cream. The concentrationdifference of Kepel Leaves\u27 extract as an active ingredient was not affected the homogenity, adhesion, and the separation ratio of the cream. The difference concentration was not cause affected daya sebar cream unless the formula II (5.0% w/w) and formula III (7.5% w/w). Increasing concentration of Kepel leaves\u27 extract caused a different antioxidant activity unless the formula II (5.0% w/w) and formula III (7.5% w/w)

Cotton yield loss associated with increasing redroot pigweed density.

<p>Regressions are based on treatment means, and vertical bars indicate one standard error of the mean.</p

Interference between Redroot Pigweed (<i>Amaranthus retroflexus</i> L.) and Cotton (<i>Gossypium hirsutum</i> L.): Growth Analysis

<div><p>Redroot pigweed is one of the injurious agricultural weeds on a worldwide basis. Understanding of its interference impact in crop field will provide useful information for weed control programs. The effects of redroot pigweed on cotton at densities of 0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 plants m^-1 of row were evaluated in field experiments conducted in 2013 and 2014 at Institute of Cotton Research, CAAS in China. Redroot pigweed remained taller and thicker than cotton and heavily shaded cotton throughout the growing season. Both cotton height and stem diameter reduced with increasing redroot pigweed density. Moreover, the interference of redroot pigweed resulted in a delay in cotton maturity especially at the densities of 1 to 8 weed plants m^-1 of row, and cotton boll weight and seed numbers per boll were reduced. The relationship between redroot pigweed density and seed cotton yield was described by the hyperbolic decay regression model, which estimated that a density of 0.20–0.33 weed plant m^-1 of row would result in a 50% seed cotton yield loss from the maximum yield. Redroot pigweed seed production per plant or per square meter was indicated by logarithmic response. At a density of 1 plant m^-1 of cotton row, redroot pigweed produced about 626,000 seeds m^-2. Intraspecific competition resulted in density-dependent effects on weed biomass per plant, a range of 430–2,250 g dry weight by harvest. Redroot pigweed biomass ha^-1 tended to increase with increasing weed density as indicated by a logarithmic response. Fiber quality was not significantly influenced by weed density when analyzed over two years; however, the fiber length uniformity and micronaire were adversely affected at density of 1 weed plant m^-1 of row in 2014. The adverse impact of redroot pigweed on cotton growth and development identified in this study has indicated the need of effective redroot pigweed management.</p></div

Relationship between redroot pigweed density and plant height (a) and stem diameter (b) of cotton and redroot pigweed.

<p>Plant height and stem diameter data were averaged over the growing season, and vertical bars indicate one standard error of the mean. Estimated parameters for these functions and for 2013 and 2014 are given in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0130475#pone.0130475.t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>.</p

Redroot pigweed seed production per plant (a) or per square meter (b) as a function of plant density in 2014.

<p>Regressions are based on treatment means, and vertical bars indicate one standard error of the mean.</p

Predicted plant height (a) and stem diameter (b) of cotton and redroot pigweed over the growing season.

<p>Plant height and stem diameter data were averaged over weed densities, and vertical bars indicate one standard error of the mean. Estimated parameters for these functions and for 2013 and 2014 are given in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0130475#pone.0130475.t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>.</p

Relationship between redroot pigweed density and its dry biomass.

<p>Regressions are based on treatment means, and vertical bars indicate one standard error of the mean.</p

Cu/Ag Complex Modified Keggin-Type Coordination Polymers for Improved Electrochemical Capacitance, Dual-Function Electrocatalysis, and Sensing Performance

Different metal–organic units were introduced into the {PMo12} polyoxometalate (POM) system to yield three porous coordination polymers with distinct characteristics, {Cu­(pra)2}­[{Cu­(pra)2}3{PMo11VIMoVO40}] (1), [{Ag5(pz)6(H2O)0.5Cl}­{PMo11VIMoVO40}] (2), and [{Cu3(bpz)5(H2O)}­{PMo12O40}] (3) (pra = pyrazole; pz = pyrazine; bpz = benzopyrazine), via an in situ hydrothermal method. In comparison with the maternal Keggin cluster and most reported POM electrode materials, compounds 1–3 exhibit larger specific capacitances (672.2, 782.1, and 765.2 F g–1 at a current density of 2.4 A g–1, respectively), superior cyclic stability (91.5%, 89.3%, and 87.8% of cycle efficiency after 5000 cycles, respectively), and boosted conductivity, which may be attributed to the introduction of metal–organic units. The result indicates that metal–organic units can effectively enhance the capacitance performance of POMs. This may be due to the fact that they provide additional redox centers, induce the formation of stable porous structures, and improve ion/electron transfer efficiency. Compounds 1–3 present excellent electrocatalytic activity in reducing peroxide (H2O2) and oxidizing ascorbic acid (AA). In addition, compound 2 shows an outstanding sensing performance detection of AA and H2O2

Hollow CoP@N–Carbon Nanospheres: Heterostructure and Glucose-Enhanced Charge Separation for Sonodynamic/Starvation Therapy

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) can be described as ultrasonic (US) catalysis. Adequate charge separation is considered as effective means to promote reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, hollow CoP@N–carbon@PEG (CPCs@PEG) nanospheres (∼60 nm) are prepared as sonosensitizers, showing greater ROS generation than pure CoP@PEG under US irradiation. Both 1O2 and ·O2– are activation species that are determined by O2 and electrons. The great SDT performance of CPCs@PEG is ascribed to the heterostructure which promotes the separation and transfer for US-generated electrons and holes. In addition, holes can be further captured by endogenous glucose that is in favor of electron aggregation and ROS generation. Moreover, the consumption of glucose would decrease intracellular ATP for starvation therapy. Given the higher oxidation ability of Co3+, CPCs@PEG nanospheres possess catalase (CAT) activity to convert H2O2 into O2 for assisting ROS generation. Moreover, they also can oxidize glutathione (GSH) as a mimic GSH oxidase to break intratumor redox balance, facilitating oxidative stress. More importantly, the nanocomposites reveal good degradation ability dominated by the oxidation from insoluble phosphide into soluble phosphate, accelerating elimination via urine and feces within 14 days. CPCs@PEG nanospheres integrate the above effects not only to reveal great tumor inhibition ability but also to excite immune activation for anticancer