Social Metamemory Judgments in the Legal Context: Examining Judgments About the Memory of Others

Jurors and other legal decision-makers are often required to make judgments about the likely memory accuracy of another person. Legal systems tend to presume that decision-makers are well-placed to make such judgments (at least in the majority of cases) as a result of their own experiences with memory. However, existing research highlights weaknesses in our abilities to assess the memories of others and suggests that these weaknesses are not easily ameliorated through the provision of information. In this work we examine the accuracy of layperson assessments of “real” eyewitness identifications following observation of a mock crime. We examine whether novel instructions, characteristics and beliefs of assessors, and underlying reasoning strategies are associated with improved or impaired judgment accuracy. The results support prior research in demonstrating a tendency towards over-belief in the accuracy of identifications. They suggest that a reliance on what witnesses have said rather than attempts to make inferences from their statements (e.g., in relation to the level of detail provided or non-verbal cues in testimony) is associated with greater accuracy in assessments and that some individual differences and beliefs about memory are also associated with greater accuracy. However, there was no evidence that the instructions tested were effective. We discuss the implications of results for procedure surrounding the evaluation of memory in the legal context

クラスター展開法の代数的構造に関する一考察と第一原理相平衡計算への応用

Cluster Expansion Method has been extensively employed for the first principles calculation of phase equilibria. The essential mathematical procedure is to calculate total energies for K ordered phases including pure elements, which forms K × 1 energy vector, and to operate K × K inversed matrix of correlation functions on the energy vector. The method is based on the orthogonality of the correlation functions in the thermodynamic configuration space and is versatile to various alloy systems. However, when one would like to obtain (K+ 1)-st cluster interaction energy, it is not sufficient to add an arbitrary phase in the energy vector for which the total energy is to be calculated. This is because the elements of the inversed matrix of correlation functions are generally not preserved and, therefore, the net effect of the (K+ 1)-st cluster interaction energy is obscured. In the present paper, algebraic aspects of the correlation functions are examined in detail and we propose some criterion to extract the net contribution of the (K+1)-st cluster interaction energy. The criterion is applied to Fe-Pt system and the effects of 2 nd nearest neighbor pair interaction and three body interaction energies on the transition temperature are discussed

First-principles investigation of L10-disorder phase equilibrium in Fe-Pt system

First-principles study is attempted to investigate L10-disorder phase equilibrium in Fe-Pt system. The present study consists of electronic structure total energy calculations by FLAPW for the ground state and statistical mechanics calculations by Cluster Variation Method for finite temperatures. It is revealed that the magnetism plays a crucial role in the phase stability. The spin polarized FLAPW calculation confirms that the most stable magnetic state for FePt3 (L12) is anti-ferro, and the incorporation of anti-ferro magnetic state is critical to reproduce the experimental L10-disorder transition temperature. Thermal vibration effects considered based on Debye-Gruneisen model further improve the calculated transition temperature

On the density correlation of the spontaneous fluctuation in a real-coded lattice gas

We investigate the spontaneous fluctuation in a real-coded lattice gas (RLG) model by studying the density correlation function. In particular, the dynamic structure factor obtained from RLG is in agreement with the Rayleigh-Brillouin spectrum, a spectrum which can also be measured from a real fluid at the continuum limit. We also work out the analytic form of the static structure factor for the RLG model, which is supported by the numerical results

First-principles calculation of L1 0 -disorder phase equilibria for Fe-Ni system

By combining Cluster Variation Method with FLAPW electronic structure total energy calculations and the Debye-Grüneisen theory within quasi-harmonic approximation, L10-disorder phase equilibria for Fe-Ni system are calculated. The transition temperature, 483 K, determined in the present calculation is lower than that obtained in the previous calculation without thermal vibration effects. The decrease of the transition temperature is ascribed to the enhanced phase stability of a disordered phase due to the thermal softening of a lattice. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Two-parameter thermal lattice BGK model with a controllable Prandtl number

In this paper, two time relaxation parameters are introduce to a thermal lattice BGK model to make its Prandtl number controllable. The dependency of the Prandtl number on the two parameters is derived. Numerical measurement of the transport coefficients is used to demonstrate the validity of the method. Furthermore, two examples of convective heat transfer are calculated, with one to show the effectiveness, and the other to show the breakdown of the two-parameter formulation under different conditions

First-principles calculation of L10-disorder phase diagram in Fe-Pt system within the first and second nearest neighbor pair interaction energies

FLAPW total energy calculations are performed for four kinds of ordered compounds in addition to pure Fe and pure Pt. Cluster expansion on the set of these total energies extracts effective nearest and second nearest neighbor pair interaction energies in addition to multibody interaction energies up to regular tetrahedron interactions. The entropy term is evaluated within the Tetrahedron-Octahedron approximation of the Cluster Variation Method. Thereby, the second nearest neighbor pair interaction and correlation are fully taken into account in the resultant phase diagram. As compared with the phase diagram obtained previously within the nearest neighbor pair interaction, the transition temperature is raised. This is ascribed not only to the enhanced ordering tendency due to the second nearest neighbor pair interaction but also to the destabilization of a homogeneous solid solution. © 2003 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd

Correction for Wang et al., Heterogeneous preferences, decision-making capacity, and phase transitions in a complex adaptive system (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2009) 106, 21, (8423-8428) DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0811782106)

APPLIED PHYSICAL SCIENCES, ECONOMIC SCIENCES Correction for ‘‘Heterogeneous preferences, decision-making capacity, and phase transitions in a complex adaptive system,’’ by Wei Wang, Yu Chen, and Jiping Huang, which appeared in issue 21, May 26, 2009, of Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (106:8423–8428; first published May 12, 2009; 10.1073/pnas.0811782106)

Multi-scale phase field simulation of disorder-order transition, combined with cluster variation and path probability methods

Multi-scale simulation of ordering process from electronic, atomistic scales to microstructural scale was carried out by hybridizing Phase Field Method (PFM) and Cluster Variation Method (CVM). The hybrid model was applied to disorder-L1 0 ordering process in Fe-Pd system. Furthermore, computation of relaxation constants in the PFM was attempted based on Path Probability Method (PPM) which is the time evolution version of the CVM, within a linearized analysis of order-order relaxation process. © (2010) Trans Tech Publications

Formation of micelle in the real-coded lattice gas

We extend the Real-Coded Lattice Gas (RLG), which is a continuous lattice gas model for hydrodynamics, to simulate a multi-phase system with surfactants. We modeled the surfactant as a dumbbell-shaped particle, consisting of a set of hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends, and a rigid rod connecting in between. Based on this model, we carried out simulations of micelle formations in an aqueous environment