Ethanol concentration in S-SSF and Fed-batch S-SSF of solid residues from LHW pretreated corn stover with different solid loadings.

<p>Ethanol concentration in S-SSF and Fed-batch S-SSF of solid residues from LHW pretreated corn stover with different solid loadings.</p

Chemical compositions of the prehydrolysates and solid residues obtained from LHW pretreatment of corn stover.

<p>*Based on all of xylose and xylan in prehydrolysate.</p><p>**Based on oven dry weight of solid residue, except yield that on basis of weight of untreated corn stover.</p

SEM observation of ramie fibers and depolymerization capacity analysis of PelA, PelC, and PelA+PelC.

<p>(A) SEM observation of ramie fibers before (a, b) and after treatment with purified PelA (c, d), PelC (e, f), PelA+pelC (g, h). Scale bars: 10 µm (a, c, e, g) and 1 µm (b, d, f, h). (B) Depolymerization capacity of PelA, PelC, and PelA+PelC for different substrates. Enzyme dosage of 30 mU PGL for each group; PelA+PelC, treatment with a mixture of PelA and PelC at PelA:PelC = 5∶3; Sum of PelA and PelC, calculated sum value of PelA and PelC based on its proportion and depolymerization.</p

Concentrations of ethanol and glucose produced with different cellulase loadings.

<p>Other S-SSF conditions are same as that in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0095455#pone-0095455-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1</a> except pre-hydrolysis time of 18 h.</p

Optimum (A) temperature and (B) pH and (C) thermal and (D) pH stability of PelC.

<p>(E) Substrate specificity of PelC.</p

Effect of pre-hydrolysis time onconcentration of ethanol and glucose in S-SSF of pretreated corn stover with LHW.

<p>S-SSF conditions are same as that in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0095455#pone-0095455-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1</a> except pre-hydrolysis time.</p

Concentration of ethanol and glucose obtained with and without fermentation medium.

<p>Other S-SSF conditions were cellulase loading of 50 FPU/g oven-dried solid residues, substrate concentration of 8.5%, pre-hydrolysis temperature of 50°C, pre-hydrolysis time of 12 h, pH 4.8, and fermentation temperature of 36°C.</p

FTIR spectra of untreated and pretreated corn stover at different severity factor.

<p>a, b and c denote FTIR spectrum of untreated corn stover, pretreated at a severity factor of 3.95 and pretreated at a severity factor of 4.54, respectively.</p

Phylogenetic analysis and SDS-PAGE detection of <i>B. subtilis</i> 7-3-3 PelC.

<p>(A) Phylogenetic analysis of <i>B. subtilis</i> 7-3-3 polygalacturonate lyase PelC (labeled with stars) with its homologous proteins (outgroups labeled with diamonds). (B) SDS-PAGE detection of purified PelC using a His trap™ FF column and deglycosylation by PNGase F. Lane 1, concentrated fermentation broth; Lane 2, purified protein; Lane 3, products of deglycosylation; Lane M, protein molecular weight markers. (C) Deglycosylation of PelC by Endo H. Lane 1, concentrated fermentation broth; Lane 2, products of deglycosylation; Lane M, protein molecular weight markers.</p

Oligonucleotide primers used for the construction of plasmids.

<p>Primers were used during PCR to generate various DNA fragments.</p