Body weight changes after infection with <i>R. prowazekii</i> strain E strain (DHW) and strain Evir at 10⁴, 10⁵, or 10⁶ organisms.

<p>L929 cell suspension was used as control.</p

Body temperature changes after infection with <i>R. prowazekii</i> strain E (DHW) and strain Evir at 10⁶ (E or Evir), 10⁵ (E1:10 and Evir 1:10), or 10⁴ (E1:100 and Evir 1:100) organisms.

<p>L929 cell suspension was used as control.</p

Sequence errors in GenBank sequence of strain E (DOW) of <i>R. prowazekii</i>.

<p>Sequence errors in GenBank sequence of strain E (DOW) of <i>R. prowazekii</i>.</p

Mutation in Madrid E strains of <i>R. prowazekii</i>.

<p>Mutation position was referred to the nucleotide position with the open reading frame of the gene.</p><p>Mutation in Madrid E strains of <i>R. prowazekii</i>.</p

Positive selection sites analysis using SLAC, FEL, IFEL and REL methods.

<p>Positive selection sites analysis using SLAC, FEL, IFEL and REL methods.</p

Time-scaled Bayesian MCC phylogenetic tree based on concatenated SFTSV complete genome sequences.

<p>Tree nodes were annotated with posterior probability values (right), estimated median dates of time to most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) and 95% confidence interval of TMRCA (above). Lineages (A, B, C, D and E) were marked with different colors. SFTSV strain names were labeled on each branch. Horizontal axis indicated time in years.</p

Posterior mean and 95% HPDs of the substitution rates estimated from the actual data sets and the 5 tip-date randomizations for the each data set.

<p>Substitution rates on the left for each data set were estimated from the actual data sets. Substitution rates on the right for each data set were estimated from the randomized data sets. The mean rates estimated for the data sets were significantly different from those estimated from the randomized data sets.</p

Phylogenetic analysis of the whole segment sequences of L, M, and S segments of 122 SFTSV strains.

<p>The maximum likelihood trees were constructed by using MEGA 5.02 software (<a href="http://www.megasoftware.net/" target="_blank">http://www.megasoftware.net/</a>). SFTSV was classified into 5 lineages labeled as A, B, C, D, and E by each genome segment. GenBank accession number and strain name were labeled on each branch. Bootstrap values ≧70 were labeled at nodes. Scale bar represented nucleotide substitutions per site.</p

Gene-specific global dN/dS ratios estimated using SLAC method.

<p>Gene-specific global dN/dS ratios estimated using SLAC method.</p

Confocal microscopy images of selected cell markers in infected DH82 cells.

<p>When the infectivity reached 95%, the infected cells were fixed and permeabilized. The slides were incubated with the primary antibodies specific to the selected makers (anti-CD71, anti-EEA1, anti-Rab5, anti-LAMP II, anti-Rab7, anti-VATPase, anti-MAP LC3, or anti-BECN antibodies), and then incubated with corresponding secondary conjugated antibodies. In all images, the blue indicated DAPI-stained nuclei (large blue body) or <i>E. chaffeensis</i> morulae; the red indicated host cell proteins labeled with antibodies to CD71 (A), EEA1 (B), Rab5 (C), LAMP II (D), Rab 7 (E), cathepsin D (F), VATPase (G), MAP LC3 (H), and BECN (I). Uninfected DH82 cells incubated with primary antibodies and corresponding secondary antibodies (J) and infected DH82 cells incubated with secondary conjugated antibodies alone (K) served as negative controls. In each panel, whether the DAPI staining was co-stained with host cell proteins determined the co-localization of <i>E. chaffeensis</i> and the host cell proteins. These results were confirmed in three independent experiments.</p