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    Additional file 1 of Nanocluster-mediated photothermia improves eradication efficiency and antibiotic sensitivity of Helicobacter pylori

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    Additional file 1: Fig. S1. The schematic illustration of synthesis of Zn0.3Fe2.7O4 NCs. Fig. S2. Effects of NCs on BGC-823 cells growth. NCs were added into the culture medium and cells were observed by inverted microscope (40×) after co-culturing for 48 h. (A) Control group; (B) NCs (300 μg/mL) group exhibited significant growth inhibition of BGC-823 cells. Fig. S3. Prussian blue staining of NPs and NCs. NPs and NCs were incubated with Prussian blue for 12h, then washed and observed. NPs/NCs in the control group (no incubation) showed brownish grey. After incubation with Prussian blue, both NPs and NCs were stained blue (400×). Fig. S4. Cellular uptake of NPs/NCs in co-cultured BGC-823 cells as quantitatively determined by ICP-MS.*** p < 0.001, vs. the control group, n = 3. When co-cultured with NCs, no significant difference was found compared to the control group in Fe content. However, when co-cultured with NPs, a significant increase in Fe content was measured for all exposure time. Fig. S5. Effect of Zn0.3Fe2.7O4 NCs (50 μg/mL) photothermia on H. pylori growth inhibition. Percentage of H. pylori growth inhibition (A) as a function of temperature, t = 20 min; (B) as a function of time, temperature = 41 °C. Fig. S6. Comparison of H. pylori NCTC 11637 growth inhibition between NPs and NCs heating. NCs (50 µg/mL) group showed higher growth inhibition rate (%) than NPs (50 µg/mL) group after heating induced by NIR laser to 41℃ for 20 min (n = 3). Fig. S7. Effects of NCs heating on H. pylori NCTC 11637 vacuolization and adhesion ability. Under the near-infrared (808nm) irradiation to 41℃ for 20 min, the NCs+heating group showed significant inhibition of vacuolization and adhesion ability, compared with control group (*** P<0.001). The near infrared group, NCs no heating group and water bath (41℃) group showed no difference (n = 5). Fig. S8. Changes of H. pylori NCTC 11637 antibiotic susceptibility to levofloxacin. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for levofloxacin was 1.4 µg/ml in control group (A), 0.3 µg/mL in the NPs heating group (B), and 0.8 µg/mL in the NCs heating group (C)
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