Perbandingan Perhitungan Trafik Jam Sibuk CDMA 2000 1x Pada BTS Inner City Dan BTS Outer City Dengan Mempergunakan Metode ADPH, TCBH, FDMH Dan FDMP

Cellular communication system is a wireless communication system where the subscriber can move within a wide network coverage. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a multiuser access technology that is each user uses a unique code contained in the access channel in the system. Calculation and determination of peak hours can be done by several methods such as: Average Daily Peak Hour (ADPH), Time Consistent Busy Hour (TCBH), Fixed Daily Measurement Hour (FDMH), Fixed Daily Measurement Period (FDMP). The effectiveness of the channel should be determined by occupancy both at inner city territory and outer city  territory location. Using design Erlang (Erl) for supply channel at Base Transceiver Station (BTS) that provided, BTS has a design Erlang of 369,83 Erl at inner city and it has a design Erlang of 241,8 Erl at outer city. Peak hour on the inner city occurred at 12:00 to 15:00, whereas the outer city of peak hour occurred at 18:00 to 21:00. Effectiveness value that determined by operator are : <20% = low occupancy (not effective), 21% to 69% = normal occupancy (effective), and > 70% = high occupancy (very effective). In this case occupancy values obtained in each method is between 21% to 69% which means effectiv

Forest plot showing meta-analysis of operative success rate in randomized trials comparing EX-PRESS implantation with trabeculectomy.

<p>RR indicates relative risks, which was computed by using a random effects model.</p

Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials Comparing EX-PRESS Implantation with Trabeculectomy for Open-Angle Glaucoma

<div><p>Purpose</p><p>To evaluate the efficacy and safety of EX-PRESS implantation compared with trabeculectomy for uncontrolled open-angle glaucoma.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Pertinent randomized controlled trials were identified through systematic searches of the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library. The efficacy measures utilized were the weighted mean differences (WMDs) for the intraocular pressure reduction (IOPR), the reduction in glaucoma medications, the change of visual acuity, and the relative risks (RRs) for operative success rates. The safety measures utilized were RRs for postoperative complications. The pooled effects were calculated using the random-effects model.</p><p>Results</p><p>Four randomized controlled trials of 292 eyes were included in this meta-analysis. The WMDs of the IOPR comparing the EX-PRESS with trabeculectomy were −0.25 (95% Cl: −3.61 to 3.11) at 6 month, 0.053 (−4.31 to 4.42) at 12 months, 0.81 (−4.06 to 5.67) at 24 months, and 0.20 (−2.11 to 2.51) at final follow-up. There was no statistically significance for IOPR at any point after surgery. There were also no significant differences in the reduction in glaucoma medications or visual acuity between the groups. The pooled relative risks comparing EX-PRESS with Trabeculectomy were 1.36 (1.11 to 1.66) for the complete operative success rate and 1.05 (0.94 to 1.17) for the qualified operative success rate. EX-PRESS and Trabeculectomy were associated with similar incidences in most complications with the exception of hyphema, with pooled RR being 0.18 (0.046 to 0.66).</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>EX-PRESS implantation and trabeculectomy have similar efficacy in IOP-lowering, medication reduction, vision recovery, and qualified operative success rates. EX-PRESS associated with higher rates of complete operative success and fewer hyphema than with Trabeculectomy. However, these should be interpreted with caution because of the inherent limitations of the included studies.</p></div

Characteristic of prospective cohort studies evaluating alcohol consumption and its association with age-related cataract.

<p>ARC = age-related cataract; CI =  confidential interval; PSC = posterior subcapsular cataract.</p><p>Characteristic of prospective cohort studies evaluating alcohol consumption and its association with age-related cataract.</p

Alcohol Intake and the Risk of Age-Related Cataracts: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies

<div><p>Purpose</p><p>Epidemiologic studies assessing the relationship between alcohol consumption and the risk of age-related cataracts (ARCs) led to inconsistent results. This meta-analysis was performed to fill this gap.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Eligible studies were identified via computer searches and reviewing the reference lists of these obtained articles. Pooled estimates of the relative risks (RR) and the corresponding 95% confidence Intervals (CI) were calculated using random effects models.</p><p>Results</p><p>Seven prospective cohort studies involving a total of 119,706 participants were ultimately included in this meta-analysis. Pooled results showed that there is no substantial overall increased risk of ARC due to heavy alcohol consumption. The estimated RRs comparing heavy drinkers versus non-drinkers were 1.25 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.56) for cataract sugery, 1.06 (95% CI: 0.63, 1.81) for cortical cataracts, 1.26 (95% CI: 0.93, 1.73) for nuclear cataracts, and 0.91 (95% CI: 0.32, 2.61) for posterior subcapsular cataracts (PSCs), respectively. No significant associations between moderate alcohol consumption and cataracts were observed. The pooled RRs comparing moderate drinkers versus non-drinkers were 0.90 (95% CI: 0.64, 1.26) for cataract surgery, 0.97 (95% CI: 0.75, 1.25) for cortical cataracts, 0.91 (95% CI: 0.76, 1.08) for nuclear cataracts, and 0.97 (95% CI: 0.49, 1.91) for PSCs, respectively.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>This meta-analysis suggests that there is no substantial overall increased risk of ARC due to alcohol intake. Because of the limited number of studies, the findings from our study must be confirmed in future research via well-designed cohort or intervention studies.</p></div

Flowchart of studies included in meta-analysis. RCT, randomized controlled trial.

<p>Flowchart of studies included in meta-analysis. RCT, randomized controlled trial.</p

Funnel plot of the association between alcohol intake and risk of any cataract (Any drinkers versus Non-drinkers-Any).

<p>Funnel plot of the association between alcohol intake and risk of any cataract (Any drinkers versus Non-drinkers-Any).</p

Postoperative complications Comparing EX-PRESS implantation With Trabeculectomy.

<p>RR indicates relative risks, which were computed by using a random effects model. 95% CI indicates 95% confidence interval.</p

Characteristics of RCTs Comparing EX-PRESS implantation With Trabeculectomy.

<p>RCTs indicates randomized controlled trials; mo, months.</p

Outcome data of randomized controlled trials included in the meta-analysis.

<p>Outcome data of randomized controlled trials included in the meta-analysis.</p