Dually Charged Acid Stable Tight Polyamine Composite Nanofiltration Membranes with Low Molecular Weight Amine Molecules for MgCl₂ Rejection

Construction of tight acid-resistant nanofiltration membranes (ARNFMs) with high performance is attracting more and more attention due to the high demand for resourceful treatment of acidic wastewater. In this work, we designed and prepared high-performance polyamine composite ARNFMs with low molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) for MgCl2 rejection based on the differences in diffusion rates between low molecular weight amine molecules (LA-molecules) and polyethylenimine (PEI, Mw = 1800 Da). The LA-molecules reacted with cyanuric chloride (CC) before PEI and the formed primary layer hindered the contact between PEI and CC to some extent. As a result, a thinner separation layer of the polyamine composite ARNFM was constructed due to the introduction of LA-molecules, which endowed the membrane with a much higher water permeability (up to 4.1 times) compared with the pristine polyamine ARNFM. Moreover, the effects of the primary layer structure on the polyamine composited performance and structure were further investigated by utilizing the different reactivity of four LA-molecules (piperazine (PIP), m-phenylenediamine (MPD), diethylene triamine (DETA), and PEI (Mw = 600 Da)) with CC. The triamine structure and short molecular chain of DETA helped to form a just right primary layer with appropriate defects and hence assisted the fabrication of a tight polyamine composite ARNFM. The optimized PEI/DETA2:8-CC composite ARNFM exhibited a quite high MgCl2 rejection rate of 99.1% due to the nondefective separation layer, low MWCO (∼144 Da), and the narrow pore size distribution. In addition, all the polyamine composite ARNFMs showed good acid stabilities in 3 wt % HCl for 72 h at a high temperature of 50 °C

The long-term spatial-temporal trends and burden of esophageal cancer in one high-risk area: A population-registered study in Feicheng, China

<div><p>Background</p><p>Feicheng County is a high-risk area for esophageal cancer in Shandong province, China. It is important to determine the long-term spatio-temporal trends in epidemiological characteristics and the burden of esophageal cancer, especially since the implementation of the national esophageal cancer screening program for early detection and treatment in 2005.</p><p>Methods</p><p>The data collected in Feicheng County from 2001 to 2012 was extracted from the whole-population cancer registry system. The incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years (DALY) and changing trends in esophageal cancer according to age and sex were calculated and described.</p><p>Results</p><p>The incidence rate of esophageal cancer in Feicheng was consistently high, and increased significantly for male, but not for female from 2001 to 2012, according to the joinpoint regression analysis. The highest and lowest yearly crude incidence rates were 160.78 and 95.97 per 100000 for males, and 81.36 and 52.17 per 100000 for females. The highest and lowest crude yearly mortality rates were 122.26 and 94.40 per 100000 for males, and 60.75 and 49.35 per 100000for females. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma was the main pathology type and the tumor location changed significantly from 2001 to 2012. Overall, the DALY remained roughly stable and was estimated as 11.50 for males and 4.90 for females per 1000 people. The burden was mainly caused by premature death. There is an obvious spatial pattern in the distribution of incidence density and burden.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Esophageal cancer remains a public health issue in Feicheng County with a high incidence, mortality and disease burden. The incidence and burden have obvious spatial heterogeneity, and further studies should be conducted to identify geographical risk factors for precise local prevention and control measures.</p></div

The spatial distribution of the burden of disease in Feicheng County.

<p>Figures A, B, and C are the spatial distributions of the male, female and total DALY rates, respectively.</p

Burden for esophageal cancer in different years in Feicheng County from 2006–2012.

<p>Burden for esophageal cancer in different years in Feicheng County from 2006–2012.</p

Age-specific changes in the incidence of esophageal cancer in Feicheng County from 2001–2012.

<p>Age-specific changes in the incidence of esophageal cancer in Feicheng County from 2001–2012.</p

Mortality of esophageal cancer from 2001–2012 in Feicheng County.

<p>Mortality of esophageal cancer from 2001–2012 in Feicheng County.</p

The spatial distribution of the incidence density of disease in Feicheng County.

<p>Figures A, B, and C are the spatial distributions of the male, female and total incidence densities, respectively.</p

Representative images for IHC staining and FISH analysis of <i>PTEN,</i> HER2 and Ki-67 expression in PCa.

<p>(A1–A3) FISH images of undeleted, hemizygous and homozygous <i>PTEN</i> deletion in PCa. A1, <i>PTEN</i> deletion negative case showed both paired red signals (10q23/<i>PTEN</i> locus) and green signals in tumor cells. A2, Representative case with <i>PTEN</i> hemizygous deletion showed one red signals and pairs of green signals in tumor cells. A3, Representative case with <i>PTEN</i> homozygous deletion showed absence of red signals but retained pairs of green signals. For all assays, at least 50 cancer cell nuclei were evaluated. (B1–B3) The detection of HER2 expression by IHC and FISH in PCa. B1, FISH analysis of representative case without <i>HER2</i> amplification. B2, FISH analysis of case with <i>HER2</i> amplification. B3, HER2 IHC staining shows complete membranous reactivity of strong intensity (3+) in tumor cells (original magnification, ×200). (C1–C3) The Ki-67 staining by IHC in PCa cells. C1, No staining (0) of Ki-67 in tumor cells. C2, Low Ki-67 (LI<10%) nuclear positivity in tumor cells. C3, High Ki-67(LI≥10%) nuclear positivity in tumor cells.</p

Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of PCa patients in relation to <i>ERG</i> rearrangement status.

<p>(A) low ki-67 LI (<10%) subgroup, (B) high ki-67 LI (≥10%) subgroup.</p

Clinicopathological demographics of 190 Chinese prostate cancer patients.

<p>Clinicopathological demographics of 190 Chinese prostate cancer patients.</p