The soil mass final failure state of soil internal friction angle.

(a) φ = 10°; (b) φ = 20°; (c) φ = 30°; (d) φ = 40°.</p

The relationship between the stability safety factor and wall heel width.

The relationship between the stability safety factor and wall heel width.</p

The earth pressure distribution with different wall heel width.

The earth pressure distribution with different wall heel width.</p

The soil mass final failure state of wall heel width.

(a) b1 = 1m; (b) b1 = 2m; (c) b1 = 3m; (d) b1 = 4m.</p

The relationship between the stability safety factor and wall toe width.

The relationship between the stability safety factor and wall toe width.</p

The soil mass final failure state of soil cohesion.

(a) C = 5KPa; (b) C = 15KPa; (c) C = 25KPa; (d) C = 35KPa.</p

The geometry section of the inverted T-Type retaining wall.

The geometry section of the inverted T-Type retaining wall.</p

The earth pressure distribution with different soil–wall interface element reduction coefficient.

The earth pressure distribution with different soil–wall interface element reduction coefficient.</p

Geometric dimensions and mechanical parameters for working conditions.

Geometric dimensions and mechanical parameters for working conditions.</p

The relationship between the stability safety factor and bottom plate thickness.

The relationship between the stability safety factor and bottom plate thickness.</p