Head structure of <i>Melanerpes Aurifrons</i> Golden-fronted Woodpecker.

<p>The photo is downloaded from (<a href="http://digimorph.org/specimens/Melanerpes_aurifrons/" target="_blank">http://digimorph.org/specimens/Melanerpes_aurifrons/</a>).</p

Materials properties adopted.

<p>Materials properties adopted.</p

Curves of the contact force between the beak and the trunk for the original model and the no-hyoid model.

<p>(under 1m/s impact velocity)</p

Curves of the relative mechanical energy <i>E</i>_<i>r</i> and the deformation energy <i>E</i>_<i>w</i> of the whole head for the original model and the no-hyoid model.

<p>(under 1m/s impact velocity).</p

The contours of von Mises stress of the endoskeleton at different time under 1m/s impact velocity.

<p>(a) the original model and (b) the no-hyoid model. (The unit of the color bar is 1×10⁵<i>Pa</i>).</p

Curves of the relative mechanical energy with time for the original, the no-hyoid, the stiffer muscle and the no-hyoid & stiffer muscle model.

<p>(under 1m/s impact velocity).</p

Curves of the average SSS for the original, the no-hyoid, the stiffer muscle and the no-hyoid & stiffer muscle model.

<p>(under 1m/s impact velocity).</p

The distribution of Young’s modulus of the hyoid bone.

<p>The distribution of Young’s modulus of the hyoid bone.</p

Curves of the relative mechanical energy <i>E</i>_<i>r</i> of different components.

<p>(a) the original model and (b) the no-hyoid model. (under 1m/s impact velocity).</p

The contours of shear stress of the brain at different time under 1m/s impact velocity.

<p>(a) by the original model, and (b) by the no-hyoid bone model. (The unit of the color bar is <i>KPa</i>).</p