Image_3_Changes in the bacterial communities of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in response to long-term cold storage and progressive loss of egg viability in cold-stored beetles.tif

Bacteria have a profound influence on life history and reproduction of numerous insects, while the associations between hosts and bacteria are substantially influenced by environmental pressures. Cold storage is crucial for extending the shelf life of insects used as tools for biological control, but mostly causes detrimental effects. In this study, we observed a great decrease in egg hatch rate of cold-stored Harmonia axyridis during the later oviposition periods. Furthermore, most eggs produced by their F1 offspring exhibited complete loss of hatchability. We hypothesized that long-term exposure to cold may greatly alter the bacterial community within the reproductive tracts of H. axyridis, which may be an important factor contributing to the loss of egg viability. Through sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, we discovered considerable changes in the bacterial structure within the reproductive tracts of female cold-stored beetles (LCS_F) compared to non-stored beetles (Control_F), with a notable increase in unclassified_f_Enterobacteriaceae in LCS_F. Furthermore, in accordance with the change of egg hatchability, we observed a slight variation in the microbial community of eggs produced by cold-stored beetles in early (Egg_E) and later (Egg_L) oviposition periods as well as in eggs produced by their F1 offspring (Egg_F1). Functional predictions of the microbial communities revealed a significant decrease in the relative abundance of substance dependence pathway in LCS_F. Moreover, this pathway exhibited relatively lower abundance levels in both Egg_L and Egg_F1 compared to Egg_E. These findings validate that long-term cold storage can greatly modify the bacterial composition within H. axyridis, thereby expanding our understanding of the intricate bacteria-insect host interactions.</p

Image_1_Changes in the bacterial communities of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in response to long-term cold storage and progressive loss of egg viability in cold-stored beetles.tif

Bacteria have a profound influence on life history and reproduction of numerous insects, while the associations between hosts and bacteria are substantially influenced by environmental pressures. Cold storage is crucial for extending the shelf life of insects used as tools for biological control, but mostly causes detrimental effects. In this study, we observed a great decrease in egg hatch rate of cold-stored Harmonia axyridis during the later oviposition periods. Furthermore, most eggs produced by their F1 offspring exhibited complete loss of hatchability. We hypothesized that long-term exposure to cold may greatly alter the bacterial community within the reproductive tracts of H. axyridis, which may be an important factor contributing to the loss of egg viability. Through sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, we discovered considerable changes in the bacterial structure within the reproductive tracts of female cold-stored beetles (LCS_F) compared to non-stored beetles (Control_F), with a notable increase in unclassified_f_Enterobacteriaceae in LCS_F. Furthermore, in accordance with the change of egg hatchability, we observed a slight variation in the microbial community of eggs produced by cold-stored beetles in early (Egg_E) and later (Egg_L) oviposition periods as well as in eggs produced by their F1 offspring (Egg_F1). Functional predictions of the microbial communities revealed a significant decrease in the relative abundance of substance dependence pathway in LCS_F. Moreover, this pathway exhibited relatively lower abundance levels in both Egg_L and Egg_F1 compared to Egg_E. These findings validate that long-term cold storage can greatly modify the bacterial composition within H. axyridis, thereby expanding our understanding of the intricate bacteria-insect host interactions.</p

Image_2_Changes in the bacterial communities of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in response to long-term cold storage and progressive loss of egg viability in cold-stored beetles.tif

Bacteria have a profound influence on life history and reproduction of numerous insects, while the associations between hosts and bacteria are substantially influenced by environmental pressures. Cold storage is crucial for extending the shelf life of insects used as tools for biological control, but mostly causes detrimental effects. In this study, we observed a great decrease in egg hatch rate of cold-stored Harmonia axyridis during the later oviposition periods. Furthermore, most eggs produced by their F1 offspring exhibited complete loss of hatchability. We hypothesized that long-term exposure to cold may greatly alter the bacterial community within the reproductive tracts of H. axyridis, which may be an important factor contributing to the loss of egg viability. Through sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, we discovered considerable changes in the bacterial structure within the reproductive tracts of female cold-stored beetles (LCS_F) compared to non-stored beetles (Control_F), with a notable increase in unclassified_f_Enterobacteriaceae in LCS_F. Furthermore, in accordance with the change of egg hatchability, we observed a slight variation in the microbial community of eggs produced by cold-stored beetles in early (Egg_E) and later (Egg_L) oviposition periods as well as in eggs produced by their F1 offspring (Egg_F1). Functional predictions of the microbial communities revealed a significant decrease in the relative abundance of substance dependence pathway in LCS_F. Moreover, this pathway exhibited relatively lower abundance levels in both Egg_L and Egg_F1 compared to Egg_E. These findings validate that long-term cold storage can greatly modify the bacterial composition within H. axyridis, thereby expanding our understanding of the intricate bacteria-insect host interactions.</p

Image_2_A Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy and Toxicity of Twice-Daily vs. Once-Daily Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy for Limited-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer Based on Randomized Controlled Trials.TIF

Background: Currently, the accepted standard management of limited-stage small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT), but the frequency of radiotherapy is controversial. Therefore, this meta-analysis, which compared the efficacy and toxicity between twice-daily (BID) and once-daily (OD) CCRT, was performed to help clinicians make better decisions.Methods: Relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were collected by searching the PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Scopus and Google Scholar databases to assess antitumor effects (overall survival, OS; progression-free survival, PFS; overall response rate, ORR) and toxicity (adverse effects, AEs).Results: We screened 1499 articles and included 5 RCTs including 1421 patients. We found that BID CCRT improved OS (hazard ratio, HR = 0.88, 95% confidence interval, CI 0.78–0.99, p = 0.03), the 1-year OS rate (OSR-1y, risk ratio, RR = 1.07, 95%CI 1.01–1.13, p = 0.03), and OSR-4y (RR = 1.22, 95%CI 1.03–1.43, p = 0.02), with better trends in OSR-2y, OSR-3y, and OSR-5y, compared to OD CCRT. In addition, BID CCRT had a higher complete response (CR, RR = 1.31, 95%CI 1.01–1.70, p = 0.04) than OD CCRT. PFS (HR = 0.92, 95%CI 0.79–1.07, p = 0.29), annual PFS rate, ORR (RR = 0.99, 95%CI 0.93–1.05, p = 0.72), and AEs for all grades (RR = 1.00, 95%CI 0.98–1.01, p = 0.57), and grades 3–5 (RR = 1.02, 95%CI 0.95–1.09, p = 0.60) were similar between the two arms.Conclusions: BID CCRT appears to be better than OD CCRT for limited-stage SCLC, with better antitumor effects (OS, OSR, and CR) and similar AEs. However, the high levels of AEs in both arms should be taken as a sign of caution. More large sample and high-quality RCTs need to be conducted to confirm our conclusions.</p

Table_1_A Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy and Toxicity of Twice-Daily vs. Once-Daily Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy for Limited-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer Based on Randomized Controlled Trials.DOC

Background: Currently, the accepted standard management of limited-stage small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT), but the frequency of radiotherapy is controversial. Therefore, this meta-analysis, which compared the efficacy and toxicity between twice-daily (BID) and once-daily (OD) CCRT, was performed to help clinicians make better decisions.Methods: Relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were collected by searching the PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Scopus and Google Scholar databases to assess antitumor effects (overall survival, OS; progression-free survival, PFS; overall response rate, ORR) and toxicity (adverse effects, AEs).Results: We screened 1499 articles and included 5 RCTs including 1421 patients. We found that BID CCRT improved OS (hazard ratio, HR = 0.88, 95% confidence interval, CI 0.78–0.99, p = 0.03), the 1-year OS rate (OSR-1y, risk ratio, RR = 1.07, 95%CI 1.01–1.13, p = 0.03), and OSR-4y (RR = 1.22, 95%CI 1.03–1.43, p = 0.02), with better trends in OSR-2y, OSR-3y, and OSR-5y, compared to OD CCRT. In addition, BID CCRT had a higher complete response (CR, RR = 1.31, 95%CI 1.01–1.70, p = 0.04) than OD CCRT. PFS (HR = 0.92, 95%CI 0.79–1.07, p = 0.29), annual PFS rate, ORR (RR = 0.99, 95%CI 0.93–1.05, p = 0.72), and AEs for all grades (RR = 1.00, 95%CI 0.98–1.01, p = 0.57), and grades 3–5 (RR = 1.02, 95%CI 0.95–1.09, p = 0.60) were similar between the two arms.Conclusions: BID CCRT appears to be better than OD CCRT for limited-stage SCLC, with better antitumor effects (OS, OSR, and CR) and similar AEs. However, the high levels of AEs in both arms should be taken as a sign of caution. More large sample and high-quality RCTs need to be conducted to confirm our conclusions.</p

Table_2_A Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy and Toxicity of Twice-Daily vs. Once-Daily Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy for Limited-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer Based on Randomized Controlled Trials.DOCX

Background: Currently, the accepted standard management of limited-stage small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT), but the frequency of radiotherapy is controversial. Therefore, this meta-analysis, which compared the efficacy and toxicity between twice-daily (BID) and once-daily (OD) CCRT, was performed to help clinicians make better decisions.Methods: Relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were collected by searching the PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Scopus and Google Scholar databases to assess antitumor effects (overall survival, OS; progression-free survival, PFS; overall response rate, ORR) and toxicity (adverse effects, AEs).Results: We screened 1499 articles and included 5 RCTs including 1421 patients. We found that BID CCRT improved OS (hazard ratio, HR = 0.88, 95% confidence interval, CI 0.78–0.99, p = 0.03), the 1-year OS rate (OSR-1y, risk ratio, RR = 1.07, 95%CI 1.01–1.13, p = 0.03), and OSR-4y (RR = 1.22, 95%CI 1.03–1.43, p = 0.02), with better trends in OSR-2y, OSR-3y, and OSR-5y, compared to OD CCRT. In addition, BID CCRT had a higher complete response (CR, RR = 1.31, 95%CI 1.01–1.70, p = 0.04) than OD CCRT. PFS (HR = 0.92, 95%CI 0.79–1.07, p = 0.29), annual PFS rate, ORR (RR = 0.99, 95%CI 0.93–1.05, p = 0.72), and AEs for all grades (RR = 1.00, 95%CI 0.98–1.01, p = 0.57), and grades 3–5 (RR = 1.02, 95%CI 0.95–1.09, p = 0.60) were similar between the two arms.Conclusions: BID CCRT appears to be better than OD CCRT for limited-stage SCLC, with better antitumor effects (OS, OSR, and CR) and similar AEs. However, the high levels of AEs in both arms should be taken as a sign of caution. More large sample and high-quality RCTs need to be conducted to confirm our conclusions.</p

Image_6_A Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy and Toxicity of Twice-Daily vs. Once-Daily Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy for Limited-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer Based on Randomized Controlled Trials.TIF

Background: Currently, the accepted standard management of limited-stage small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT), but the frequency of radiotherapy is controversial. Therefore, this meta-analysis, which compared the efficacy and toxicity between twice-daily (BID) and once-daily (OD) CCRT, was performed to help clinicians make better decisions.Methods: Relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were collected by searching the PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Scopus and Google Scholar databases to assess antitumor effects (overall survival, OS; progression-free survival, PFS; overall response rate, ORR) and toxicity (adverse effects, AEs).Results: We screened 1499 articles and included 5 RCTs including 1421 patients. We found that BID CCRT improved OS (hazard ratio, HR = 0.88, 95% confidence interval, CI 0.78–0.99, p = 0.03), the 1-year OS rate (OSR-1y, risk ratio, RR = 1.07, 95%CI 1.01–1.13, p = 0.03), and OSR-4y (RR = 1.22, 95%CI 1.03–1.43, p = 0.02), with better trends in OSR-2y, OSR-3y, and OSR-5y, compared to OD CCRT. In addition, BID CCRT had a higher complete response (CR, RR = 1.31, 95%CI 1.01–1.70, p = 0.04) than OD CCRT. PFS (HR = 0.92, 95%CI 0.79–1.07, p = 0.29), annual PFS rate, ORR (RR = 0.99, 95%CI 0.93–1.05, p = 0.72), and AEs for all grades (RR = 1.00, 95%CI 0.98–1.01, p = 0.57), and grades 3–5 (RR = 1.02, 95%CI 0.95–1.09, p = 0.60) were similar between the two arms.Conclusions: BID CCRT appears to be better than OD CCRT for limited-stage SCLC, with better antitumor effects (OS, OSR, and CR) and similar AEs. However, the high levels of AEs in both arms should be taken as a sign of caution. More large sample and high-quality RCTs need to be conducted to confirm our conclusions.</p

Image_1_A Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy and Toxicity of Twice-Daily vs. Once-Daily Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy for Limited-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer Based on Randomized Controlled Trials.TIF

Background: Currently, the accepted standard management of limited-stage small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT), but the frequency of radiotherapy is controversial. Therefore, this meta-analysis, which compared the efficacy and toxicity between twice-daily (BID) and once-daily (OD) CCRT, was performed to help clinicians make better decisions.Methods: Relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were collected by searching the PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Scopus and Google Scholar databases to assess antitumor effects (overall survival, OS; progression-free survival, PFS; overall response rate, ORR) and toxicity (adverse effects, AEs).Results: We screened 1499 articles and included 5 RCTs including 1421 patients. We found that BID CCRT improved OS (hazard ratio, HR = 0.88, 95% confidence interval, CI 0.78–0.99, p = 0.03), the 1-year OS rate (OSR-1y, risk ratio, RR = 1.07, 95%CI 1.01–1.13, p = 0.03), and OSR-4y (RR = 1.22, 95%CI 1.03–1.43, p = 0.02), with better trends in OSR-2y, OSR-3y, and OSR-5y, compared to OD CCRT. In addition, BID CCRT had a higher complete response (CR, RR = 1.31, 95%CI 1.01–1.70, p = 0.04) than OD CCRT. PFS (HR = 0.92, 95%CI 0.79–1.07, p = 0.29), annual PFS rate, ORR (RR = 0.99, 95%CI 0.93–1.05, p = 0.72), and AEs for all grades (RR = 1.00, 95%CI 0.98–1.01, p = 0.57), and grades 3–5 (RR = 1.02, 95%CI 0.95–1.09, p = 0.60) were similar between the two arms.Conclusions: BID CCRT appears to be better than OD CCRT for limited-stage SCLC, with better antitumor effects (OS, OSR, and CR) and similar AEs. However, the high levels of AEs in both arms should be taken as a sign of caution. More large sample and high-quality RCTs need to be conducted to confirm our conclusions.</p

Table_4_A Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy and Toxicity of Twice-Daily vs. Once-Daily Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy for Limited-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer Based on Randomized Controlled Trials.DOCX

Background: Currently, the accepted standard management of limited-stage small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT), but the frequency of radiotherapy is controversial. Therefore, this meta-analysis, which compared the efficacy and toxicity between twice-daily (BID) and once-daily (OD) CCRT, was performed to help clinicians make better decisions.Methods: Relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were collected by searching the PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Scopus and Google Scholar databases to assess antitumor effects (overall survival, OS; progression-free survival, PFS; overall response rate, ORR) and toxicity (adverse effects, AEs).Results: We screened 1499 articles and included 5 RCTs including 1421 patients. We found that BID CCRT improved OS (hazard ratio, HR = 0.88, 95% confidence interval, CI 0.78–0.99, p = 0.03), the 1-year OS rate (OSR-1y, risk ratio, RR = 1.07, 95%CI 1.01–1.13, p = 0.03), and OSR-4y (RR = 1.22, 95%CI 1.03–1.43, p = 0.02), with better trends in OSR-2y, OSR-3y, and OSR-5y, compared to OD CCRT. In addition, BID CCRT had a higher complete response (CR, RR = 1.31, 95%CI 1.01–1.70, p = 0.04) than OD CCRT. PFS (HR = 0.92, 95%CI 0.79–1.07, p = 0.29), annual PFS rate, ORR (RR = 0.99, 95%CI 0.93–1.05, p = 0.72), and AEs for all grades (RR = 1.00, 95%CI 0.98–1.01, p = 0.57), and grades 3–5 (RR = 1.02, 95%CI 0.95–1.09, p = 0.60) were similar between the two arms.Conclusions: BID CCRT appears to be better than OD CCRT for limited-stage SCLC, with better antitumor effects (OS, OSR, and CR) and similar AEs. However, the high levels of AEs in both arms should be taken as a sign of caution. More large sample and high-quality RCTs need to be conducted to confirm our conclusions.</p

Image_5_A Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy and Toxicity of Twice-Daily vs. Once-Daily Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy for Limited-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer Based on Randomized Controlled Trials.TIF

Background: Currently, the accepted standard management of limited-stage small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT), but the frequency of radiotherapy is controversial. Therefore, this meta-analysis, which compared the efficacy and toxicity between twice-daily (BID) and once-daily (OD) CCRT, was performed to help clinicians make better decisions.Methods: Relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were collected by searching the PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Scopus and Google Scholar databases to assess antitumor effects (overall survival, OS; progression-free survival, PFS; overall response rate, ORR) and toxicity (adverse effects, AEs).Results: We screened 1499 articles and included 5 RCTs including 1421 patients. We found that BID CCRT improved OS (hazard ratio, HR = 0.88, 95% confidence interval, CI 0.78–0.99, p = 0.03), the 1-year OS rate (OSR-1y, risk ratio, RR = 1.07, 95%CI 1.01–1.13, p = 0.03), and OSR-4y (RR = 1.22, 95%CI 1.03–1.43, p = 0.02), with better trends in OSR-2y, OSR-3y, and OSR-5y, compared to OD CCRT. In addition, BID CCRT had a higher complete response (CR, RR = 1.31, 95%CI 1.01–1.70, p = 0.04) than OD CCRT. PFS (HR = 0.92, 95%CI 0.79–1.07, p = 0.29), annual PFS rate, ORR (RR = 0.99, 95%CI 0.93–1.05, p = 0.72), and AEs for all grades (RR = 1.00, 95%CI 0.98–1.01, p = 0.57), and grades 3–5 (RR = 1.02, 95%CI 0.95–1.09, p = 0.60) were similar between the two arms.Conclusions: BID CCRT appears to be better than OD CCRT for limited-stage SCLC, with better antitumor effects (OS, OSR, and CR) and similar AEs. However, the high levels of AEs in both arms should be taken as a sign of caution. More large sample and high-quality RCTs need to be conducted to confirm our conclusions.</p