Effects of three concentrations of imidacloprid on five enzyme activities of <i>Rhopalosiphum padi</i>.

Effects of three concentrations of imidacloprid on five enzyme activities of Rhopalosiphum padi.</p

Estimated proportion of diet for <i>P. japonica</i> adults originating from C₃-based resources and/or C₄-based resources in the field from 2008–2010.^a

a<p>Proportions of diet for <i>P. japonica</i> adults were estimated based on the carbon isotope ratio linear equation and δ¹³C value of <i>P. japonica</i> adults collected in field.</p

Carbon isotope ratios (mean δ¹³±SD) of <i>P. japonica</i> adults collected from maize patches.

<p>In 2008 (<b>A</b>), 2009 (<b>B</b>), 2010 (<b>C</b>). MV, middle δ¹³C values of <i>P. japonica</i> adults was −16.71 as the proportion of aphids from a C₃-based resource (cotton aphids reared on cotton) and a C₄ -based resource (maize aphids reared on maize) was 50%.</p

Age-stage-specific survival rates (<i>s</i>_xj) of <i>Rhopalosiphum padi</i>, the parental females of which were exposed to wheat leaves treated with different concentrations of imidacloprid.

(a) Control, (b) LC10, (c) LC20, (d) LC25.</p

Age-specific survival rates (<i>l</i>_x), age-specific fecundity (<i>m</i>_x) and net maternity (<i>l</i>_x<i>m</i>_x) of <i>Rhopalosiphum padi</i>, the parental females of which were exposed to wheat leaves treated with different concentrations of imidacloprid.

(a) Control, (b) LC10, (c) LC20, (d) LC25.</p

Age-stage-specific reproductive value (<i>v</i>_xj) of <i>Rhopalosiphum padi</i>, the parental females of which were exposed to wheat leaves treated with different concentrations of imidacloprid.

(a) Control, (b) LC10, (c) LC20, (d) LC25.</p

Effects of three concentrations of imidacloprid on biological and demographic parameters of <i>Rhopalosiphum padi</i>.

Effects of three concentrations of imidacloprid on biological and demographic parameters of Rhopalosiphum padi.</p

Dynamics of <i>P. japonica</i> adults.

<p>Densities of <i>P. japonica</i> adults in cotton patches (black triangle) and maize patches (red circle) in field landscape plots in 2008 (<b>A</b>), 2009 (<b>B</b>), and 2010 (<b>C</b>). *Significant differences between densities of <i>P. japonica</i> adults in cotton patches and maize patches at p<0.05. **Significant differences between densities of <i>P. japonica</i> adults in cotton patches and maize patches at p<0.01. Densities of accumulative <i>P. japonica</i> adults in cotton patches and maize patches at all sample dates of field landscape plots in 2008 (<b>D</b>), 2009 (<b>E</b>) or 2010 (<b>F</b>). Different lowercases above the bars indicate significant differences in densities of accumulative <i>P. japonica</i> adults in cotton patches and maize patches at p<0.05. Data are presented as adults per square meter of crop plants (mean±SE) with separate field landscape plots used as replicates. Sample size of cotton patch and maize patch are both 20. N indicates the size of samples tested.</p

Dynamics of <i>P. japonica</i> larvae.

<p>Densities of <i>P. japonica</i> larvae in cotton patches (black triangle) and maize patches (red circle) in field landscape plots in 2008 (<b>A</b>), 2009 (<b>B</b>), and 2010 (<b>C</b>). *Significant differences between densities of <i>P. japonica</i> larvae in cotton patches and maize patches at p<0.05. **Significant differences between densities of <i>P. japonica</i> larvae in cotton patches and maize patches at p<0.01. Densities of accumulative <i>P. japonica</i> larvae in cotton patches and maize patches at all sample dates of field landscape plots in 2008 (<b>D</b>), 2009 (<b>E</b>) or 2010 (<b>F</b>). Different lowercases above the bars indicate significant differences in densities of accumulative <i>P. japonica</i> larvae in cotton patches and maize patches at p<0.05. Data are presented as adults per square meter of crop plants (mean±SE) with separate field landscape plots used as replicates. Sample size of cotton patch and maize patch are both 20. N indicates the size of samples tested.</p

Dynamics of aphid density.

<p>Aphid density in cotton patches (black triangle) and maize patches (red circle) in field landscape plots in 2008 (<b>A</b>), 2009 (<b>B</b>), and 2010 (<b>C</b>). The data for aphid density were log-transformed (ln(n+1)). *Significant differences between densities of aphid in cotton patches and maize patches at p<0.05. **Significant differences between densities of aphid in cotton patches and maize patches at p<0.01. Densities of accumulative aphid in cotton patches and maize patches at all sample dates of field landscape plots in 2008 (<b>D</b>), 2009 (<b>E</b>) or 2010 (<b>F</b>). Different lowercases above the bars indicate significant differences in densities of accumulative aphid in cotton patches and maize patches at p<0.05. Data are presented per square meter of crop plants (mean±SE) with separate field landscape plots used as replicates. Sample size of cotton patch and maize patch are both 20. N indicates the size of samples tested.</p