Data_Sheet_1_Exploring Senior High School Students’ English Learning Demotivation in Mainland China.docx

In the last 20 years, much attention has been paid to learners’ demotivation. Researchers have conducted many studies on second/foreign language learning demotivation from the perspectives of social culture, social psychology, and so forth. In China, related studies have mainly focused on college students’ demotivation; scant attention has been paid to senior high school students. Regarding scale development, although much progress has been made, there remains a need for a scale with high reliability and validity that is suitable for students in the basic education stage. Therefore, based on previous studies and choosing Chinese senior high school students as participants, this research study developed a scale with 55 items, and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to develop a 28-item scale with six dimensions. The six-dimensional construct encompasses teacher knowledge, important others, teacher responsibility, learner-related factors, learning contents, and critical incidents, which are the key factors leading to English learners’ demotivation. Among them, the factor of critical incidents is new and has been overlooked by other researchers. Moreover, the descriptive analysis demonstrated the degree to which the demotivators influence learners, and the independent samples t-test found a significant difference in the impact of critical incidents in terms of the students’ language proficiency. Ultimately, four suggestions are put forward to remotivate and sustain learners’ motivation.</p

An Aza-Prins Cyclization Approach to Functionalized Indolizidines from 2‑Allylpyrrolidines

The stereoselective synthesis of a diverse set of functionalized indolizidine systems has been accomplished through the aza-Prins cyclization of 2-allylpyrrolidines. The condensation of aldehydes onto 2-allylpyrrolidines yields iminium ions that undergo highly diastereoselective aza-Prins cyclization, producing up to two stereogenic centers and two new rings in one step

A New Entry to Azomethine Ylides from Allylic Amines and Glyoxals: Shifting the Reliance on Amino Ester Precursors

The first examples of azomethine ylides derived from allylic amine and glyoxal precursors are reported. The condensation of primary allylic and α-aryl amines with glyoxylates or α-aryl glyoxals affords conjugated azomethine ylides that undergo facile [3 + 2] cycloaddition, providing 5-alkenyl pyrrolidine cycloadducts that cannot be accessed through the classical use of amino esters as ylide precursors

An Aza-Prins Cyclization Approach to Functionalized Indolizidines from 2‑Allylpyrrolidines

The stereoselective synthesis of a diverse set of functionalized indolizidine systems has been accomplished through the aza-Prins cyclization of 2-allylpyrrolidines. The condensation of aldehydes onto 2-allylpyrrolidines yields iminium ions that undergo highly diastereoselective aza-Prins cyclization, producing up to two stereogenic centers and two new rings in one step

Chemical shift perturbation analysis of integrin α1-TMC upon the addition of integrin β1-TMC.

<p>HSQC titration of¹⁵N-labeled integrin α1-TMC with addition of unlabeled integrin β1-TMC. Some peaks of integrin α1-TMC are missing at elevated integrin β1-TMC concentrations (marked with residue names). Residues with missing peaks are probably due to intermediate time-scale interactions between α1-TMC/β1-TMC, consistent with predicted interaction points of α1 and β1. A peak intensity with little change is exemplified with F17 and missing peaks are shown for I33 and G34.</p

Structural Statistics for the Final 10 Conformers of Human Integrin α1-TMC.

<p>Structural Statistics for the Final 10 Conformers of Human Integrin α1-TMC.</p

Integrin α1 Has a Long Helix, Extending from the Transmembrane Region to the Cytoplasmic Tail in Detergent Micelles

<div><p>Integrin proteins are very important adhesion receptors that mediate cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. They play essential roles in cell signaling and the regulation of cellular shape, motility, and the cell cycle. Here, the transmembrane and cytoplasmic (TMC) domains of integrin α1 and β1 were over-expressed and purified in detergent micelles. The structure and backbone relaxations of α1-TMC in LDAO micelles were determined and analyzed using solution NMR. A long helix, extending from the transmembrane region to the cytoplasmic tail, was observed in α1-TMC. Structural comparisons of α1-TMC with reported αIIb-TMC domains indicated different conformations in the transmembrane regions and cytoplasmic tails. An NMR titration experiment indicated weak interactions between α1-TMC and β1-TMC through several α1-TMC residues located at its N-terminal juxta-transmembrane region and C-terminal extended helix region.</p></div

Resonance assignment and Backbone ¹⁵N relaxation analysis of integrin α1-TMC in LDAO micelles.

<p>(A) Resonance assignment of integrin α1-TMC in LDAO micelles. Site-specific analysis of backbone amide ¹⁵N longitudinal relaxation T1 (B), transverse relaxation T2 (C) and steady-state ¹H-¹⁵N NOE (D) of integrin α1-TMC in LDAO micelles.</p

Structural comparison of integrin α1 and αIIb.

<p>Structure of α1-TMC (1135–1179) and backbone structure comparisons of α1-TM(1142–1169) with αIIb-TM structures indicate different bent regions in the transmembrane helix. The PDB number for each structure is listed below. (A) Structure ensemble of integrin α1-TMC in LDAO micelles; (B) Structure ensemble of integrin α1-TM in LDAO; (C) αIIb-TM (966–993) in bicelles <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0062954#pone.0062954-Lau3" target="_blank">[22]</a>; (D) αIIb-TM from IntαIIb/β3 complex in bicelles <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0062954#pone.0062954-Lau1" target="_blank">[20]</a>; (E) αIIb-TM (966–993) from αIIb/β3 complex in organic/aqueous solvents, 50% CD₃CN/50% H₂O <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0062954#pone.0062954-Yang1" target="_blank">[19]</a>.</p

Solution NMR structure of human integrin α1-TMC in LDAO micelles.

<p>(A) The backbone superposition of the final ten structures with the lowest energies. (B) Cartoon representation of the structure of integrin α1-TMC. G1152 indicates the position of the transmembrane helix kink.</p