Carbon emissions tax policy of urban road traffic and its application in Panjin, China

<div><p>How to effectively solve traffic congestion and transportation pollution in urban development is a main research emphasis for transportation management agencies. A carbon emissions tax can affect travelers’ generalized costs and will lead to changes in passenger demand, mode choice and traffic flow equilibrium in road networks, which are of significance in green travel and low-carbon transportation management. This paper first established a mesoscopic model to calculate the carbon emissions tax and determined the value of this charge in China, which was based on road traffic flow, vehicle speed, and carbon emissions. Referring to existing research results to calibrate the value of time, this paper modified the traveler’s generalized cost function, including the carbon emissions tax, fuel surcharge and travel time cost, which can be used in the travel impedance model with the consideration of the carbon emissions tax. Then, a method for analyzing urban road network traffic flow distribution was put forward, and a joint traffic distribution model was established, which considered the relationship between private cars and taxis. Finally, this paper took the city of Panjin as an example to analyze the road traffic carbon emissions tax’s impact. The results illustrated that the carbon emissions tax has a positive effect on road network flow equilibrium and carbon emission reduction. This paper will have good reference value and practical significance for the calculation and implementation of urban traffic carbon emissions taxes in China.</p></div

The relationship between fuel consumption and velocity of buses.

<p>The relationship between fuel consumption and velocity of buses.</p

The relationship between fuel consumption and velocity of passenger cars.

<p>The relationship between fuel consumption and velocity of passenger cars.</p

Research area of Panjin city.

<p>Research area of Panjin city.</p

Vehicle population of Panjin from 2005 to 2011 ^* (vehicle).

<p>Vehicle population of Panjin from 2005 to 2011 ^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0196762#t003fn001" target="_blank">*</a>} (vehicle).</p

Vehicle fuel consumption in Panjin from 2005 to 2011 ^* (thousands of tons).

<p>Vehicle fuel consumption in Panjin from 2005 to 2011 ^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0196762#t003fn001" target="_blank">*</a>} (thousands of tons).</p

Carbon emission prices in different years.

<p>Carbon emission prices in different years.</p

Carbon emission in the road network (kg/h).

<p>Carbon emission in the road network (kg/h).</p

Determination and Correlation of Solubility of Cefradine Form I in Five Pure Solvents from (283.15 to 308.15) K

The solubility of cefradine form I in five pure solvents from (283.15 to 308.15) K was experimentally determined by using an equilibrium method. It was found that the solubility of cefradine form I in all tested solvents increased with the increase of temperature. Four thermodynamic models were used to correlate the experimental solubility data. The infinite-dilution activity coefficient and mixing properties including the mixing free Gibbs energy, enthalpy, and entropy of cefradine form I solution were also calculated by using the nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL) model. It was found that the correlated results by the van’t Hoff equation, the modified Apelblat equation, and the NRTL model agreed well with the experimental data

Overview of <i>de novo</i> sequencing and assembly.

<p>Overview of <i>de novo</i> sequencing and assembly.</p