Investigation of the Tribological Properties of Two Different Layered Sodium Silicates Utilized as Solid Lubrication Additives in Lithium Grease

Layered sodium silicates β-Na₂Si₂O₅ and kanemite were synthesized via facile methods under mild conditions. The tribological properties of β-Na₂Si₂O₅ and kanemite utilized as additives in lithium grease were evaluated with a four-ball tester under different experimental conditions. The maximum nonseizure load value of 5.0 wt % β-Na₂Si₂O₅ grease jumped from 353 N (the base grease) to 1568 N. However, 5.0 wt % MoS₂ grease could only reach 617 N under the same conditions. The SEM and EDS results confirm that a protective film mainly composed of sodium silicates was formed on the worn surface during the friction process. The structural stability of β-Na₂Si₂O₅ and kanemite after the wear test was studied by XRD. It was found that a loss of interlamellar water causes the layer structure of kanemite to collapse during a long-duration wear test. The layered structure of β-Na₂Si₂O₅ is stable, and its tribological properties are better than those of kanemite

Hydrothermal Synthesis of Copper Zirconium Phosphate Hydrate [Cu(OH)₂Zr(HPO₄)₂·2H₂O] and an Investigation of its Lubrication Properties in Grease

Copper zirconium phosphate hydrate (Cu­(OH)₂Zr­(HPO₄)₂·2H₂O, hereafter referred to as Cu-α-ZrP) with high crystallinity was directly synthesized in a NaF-CuO-ZrO-P₂O₅-H₂O system under hydrothermal conditions. The copper ion was confirmed to be an exchangeable cation in the Cu-α-ZrP through elemental analysis and a proton ion exchange process. The crystal structure of the Cu-α-ZrP was determined ab initio by using X-ray powder diffraction data. In the structure, the CuO6 octahedron would be located in an exchangeable atom position. Moreover, Cu-α-ZrP was evaluated as an additive in grease in a four ball test. The maximum nonseizure load (<i>P</i>_B, representing the load-carrying capacity) of the base grease containing Cu-α-ZrP was increased from 353 to 1235 N. The excellent load-carrying capacity may be explained by the easier adherence of the material to the worn surface forming a tight protective film

Additional file 1 of Key mRNAs and lncRNAs of pituitary that affect the reproduction of FecB + + small tail han sheep

Supplementary Material

Relative weight (weight/100 g body weight) ratio for female and male rats (mean±SD, %) (n = 10).

<p>^a Significant differences between meat and CD groups (<i>p</i> < 0.05).</p><p>^b Significant differences between GM and corresponding WT group (<i>p</i> < 0.05).</p><p>CD: commercial diet, GM: genetically modified, WT: wild-type.</p><p>Relative weight (weight/100 g body weight) ratio for female and male rats (mean±SD, %) (n = 10).</p

Hepatic function of male and female rats.

<p>(A) Blood biochemistry parameters of TG, ALT, AST, ALP, CHO for liver functions of rats fed with CD, 3.75% WT sheep meat, 3.75% GM sheep meat, 7.5% WT sheep meat, 7.5% GM sheep meat, 15% WT sheep meat, 15% GM sheep meat. The dashed lines represent the reference ranges. (B) Relative weight of livers from rats fed with CD, 3.75% WT sheep meat, 3.75% GM sheep meat, 7.5% WT sheep meat, 7.5% GM sheep meat, 15% WT sheep meat, 15% GM sheep meat. (C) Liver tissues from rats fed with CD, 15% WT sheep meat, 15% GM sheep meat. ^a Significant differences between meat and CD groups (<i>p</i> < 0.05). ^b Significant differences between GM group and corresponding WT group (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The reference ranges were obtained from the results of laboratory experiments with more than 1000 rats. CD: commercial diet, GM: genetically modified, WT: wild-type.</p

Nutritional analysis of rodent diets.

<p>CD: commercial diet, GM: genetically modified, WT: wild-type.</p><p>Nutritional analysis of rodent diets.</p

Generation and identification of GM sheep and analysis for <i>TLR4</i> expression in monocytes.

<p>(A) The expression vector. Sheep <i>TLR4</i> was inserted into the vector, which had the promoter CMV and the SV40 polyA. The cts, cta and tsf, tsr were used as PCR primers and DIG-labeling Probes were used to identify GM sheep. (B) Southern blot analysis of <i>HindIII</i>-digested sheep genomic DNA. Lane serial dilutions (2× and 4×) of transgene plasmid DNA spiked into genomic DNA of WT sheep. Lower arrow (about 3k bp) indicated the exogenous <i>TLR4</i>. The GM sheep were: zh211048, zh211067, zh211068, zh211223, zh211229, zh211230, zh211232, zh211236, zh211238 and the WT sheep were: zh211051, zh211227, zh211245, zh211237, zh211241. (C) The mRNA expression of <i>TLR4</i> in monocytes was quantified using RT-PCR. Asterisk (*) represents the significant difference between groups (<i>p</i> < 0.05). GM: genetically modified, WT: wild-type.</p

Compositional analyses of sheep meat.

<p>GM: genetically modified, WT: wild-type.</p><p>Compositional analyses of sheep meat.</p

Summary of microscopic pathology observations (10 rats of each sex per group).

<p>CD: commercial diet, GM: genetically modified, WT: wild-type.</p><p>Summary of microscopic pathology observations (10 rats of each sex per group).</p

Blood parameters for female and male rats (mean±SD) (n = 10).

<p>^a Significant differences between meat and CD group <i>(p</i> < 0.05).</p><p>^b Significant differences between GM and corresponding WT group (<i>p</i> < 0.05).</p><p>The reference ranges were obtained from the results of previous laboratory experiments.</p><p>CD: commercial diet, GM: genetically modified, WT: wild-type.</p><p>Blood parameters for female and male rats (mean±SD) (n = 10).</p