Boosting electrocatalytic water splitting by magnetic fields

Overall water splitting efficiency is retarded by the kinetics of the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Recently, increasing attention has been attracted to the spin-sensitive nature of the OER and the utility of magnetic fields (MF) for enhancing catalytic performance. Actually, MF should have performed even better, if we had a correct and comprehensive understanding of its possible effects on the whole OER system. Herein, we comprehensively discuss all possible effects of MF on the OER, including the magnetohydrodynamic effect in the electrolyte, the spin selectivity effect in the interface, and the spin alignment and magnetothermal effects in electrocatalysts. We point out that the MF type/setup and the magnetism of electrocatalysts are the two primary determinants for the real effectiveness of MF. This perspective is expected to provide instructive guidance for utilizing magnetic fields to improve the performance of water splitting as well as other spin-sensitive energy conversion reactions

Revealing the Correlation of OER with Magnetism: A New Descriptor of Curie/Neel Temperature for Magnetic Electrocatalysts

Developing accurate descriptors for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is of great significance yet challenging, which roots in and also boosts the understanding of its intrinsic mechanisms. Despite various descriptors are reported, it still has limitations in the facile prediction, given that complicated analytical techniques as well as time-consuming modeling and calculations are indispensable. In the present work, strong correlation of magnetic property with OER performance is revealed by in-depth investigations on the crystal and electronic structures. A facile descriptor of Curie/Neel temperature (TC/N) is developed for La2−xSrxCo2O6−δ perovskite oxides, based on the inference that both magnetism and OER are rooted in the electron exchange interaction. Specifically, both the TC/N and OER activity are proportional to the degree of p-d orbital hybridization, which increases with enlarged bond angle of Co─O─Co and/or increased oxidation of Co. This finding reveals that TC/N from magnetic characterizations is an effective descriptor in designing novel OER electrocatalysts, and interdisciplinary researches are advantageous for revealing the controversial mechanisms of OER process

Additional file 2 of Dental arch spatial changes after premature loss of first primary molars: a systematic review and meta-analysis of split-mouth studies

Supplementary Material 2: Table S2. Interexaminer and intraexaminer Kappa values for article identification and screening, data extraction, and quality assessment

Additional file 3 of Dental arch spatial changes after premature loss of first primary molars: a systematic review and meta-analysis of split-mouth studies

Supplementary Material 3: Figure S1. Begg’s test of space changes (D/D + E) and dental arch changes after premature loss of the first primary molar. (A) D + E space changes in the maxilla on the extraction side. (A) D + E space changes in the maxilla on the extraction side. (B) D space changes in the mandible on the extraction side. (C) D + E space changes in the mandible on the extraction side. (D) D + E space differences in the maxilla between the extraction and control sides. (E) D space differences in the mandible between the extraction and control sides. (F) D + E space differences in the mandible between the extraction and control sides. (G) Arch width of the maxilla. (H) Arch length of the maxilla. (I) Arch perimeter of the maxilla. (J) Arch width of the mandible. (K) Arch length of the mandible. (L) Arch perimeter of the mandible. Begg’s test indicated that there was no obvious heterogeneity among the included studies

Additional file 4 of Dental arch spatial changes after premature loss of first primary molars: a systematic review and meta-analysis of split-mouth studies

Supplementary Material 4: Figure S2. Egger’s test of space changes (D/D + E) and dental arch changes after premature loss of the first primary molar. (A) D + E space changes in the maxilla on the extraction side. (B) D space changes in the mandible on the extraction side. (C) D + E space changes in the mandible on the extraction side. (D) D + E space differences in the maxilla between the extraction and control sides. (E) D space differences in the mandible between the extraction and control sides. (F) D + E space differences in the mandible between the extraction and control sides. (G) Arch width in the maxilla. (H) Arch length of the maxilla. (I) Arch perimeter of the maxilla. (J) Arch width of the mandible. (K) Arch length of the mandible. (L) Arch perimeter of the mandible. Egger’s test indicated that there was no obvious heterogeneity among the included studies

Additional file 1 of Dental arch spatial changes after premature loss of first primary molars: a systematic review and meta-analysis of split-mouth studies

Supplementary Material 1: Table S1. List of excluded studies with the reasons for exclusion (n = 6)

Data_Sheet_1_Clustering-Triggered Emission of Carboxymethylated Nanocellulose.docx

Non-conjugated polymers with luminescence emission property have recently drawn great attention due to their promising applications in different areas. Most traditional organic synthetic non-conjugated polymers required complicated synthesis. Herein, we report a non-conjugated biomass material, carboxymethylated nanocellulose (C-CNC), which is found to be practically non-luminescent in dilute solutions, while being highly emissive when aggregated as nanosuspensions. We propose that the luminescence of C-CNC originates from the through-space conjugation of oxygen atoms and carboxyl groups of C-CNC. Thus, a clearer mechanism of clusteroluminescence was provided with the subsequent experiments. The effects of concentration of C-CNC, solvent, temperature and pH have also been investigated. In addition, ethylenediamine (EDA) has been employed to “lock” C-CNC material via the bonding of amide groups with carboxylic groups. As prepared C-CNC/EDA confirmed that the clusteroluminescence was attributed to the amide moieties and through-space conjugation between oxygen and carbonyl moieties. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have also been employed to confirm the luminescence mechanism. It is believed that such clustering-triggered emission mechanism is instructive for further development of unconventional luminogens.</p

Additional file 3: Figure S2. of C-C motif chemokine ligand 20 regulates neuroinflammation following spinal cord injury via Th17 cell recruitment

The temporal profile (from 0 h to 28 days post-injury) of IL-17A mRNA expression in the spinal cord. IL-17A, as determined by qRT-PCR, shows that SCI leads to increased IL-17A mRNA level in the spinal cord, especially at 14 days post-SCI. + P < 0.05, compared with the sham group. (DOCX 168 kb

Additional file 2: Table S1. of C-C motif chemokine ligand 20 regulates neuroinflammation following spinal cord injury via Th17 cell recruitment

Primer sequences for qPCR. Primers were designed and provided by Takara Bio Inc. (Tokyo, Japan). (DOCX 12 kb

Atropine Affects the Outer Retina During Inhibiting Form Deprivation Myopia in Guinea Pigs

Atropine has been proven to be effective in retarding myopia progression. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Our purpose was to detect morphological and functional changes caused by atropine during myopic inhibition. Twenty 2-week-old guinea pigs were randomly assigned to either the saline group (n = 10) or the atropine group (n = 10). Form-deprived myopia (FDM) and intravitreal injections were applied on the right eyes. The injections were given every 3 days, lasting for 2 weeks. The left eyes served as control. Ocular refraction, axial length, retinal, and choroidal thickness were collected at the start and the end of the experiment. Retinal function was evaluated via full-field electroretinogram (ERG) at the end of treatment. The interocular differences (experimental eye minus control eye) of refraction error (RE), vitreous chamber depth (VCD), and axial length (AL) in the saline group were significantly greater than those in the atropine group (RE, VCD: P P P P During the process of inhibiting FDM, atropine showed an effect on the outer retina, most likely on the cones, in guinea pigs.</p