Separation, characterization and anti-inflammatory activities of galactoglycerolipids from <i>Perilla frutescens</i> (L.) Britton

The study was to optimize the separation procedures, characterize the galactoglycerolipids and explore their anti-inflammatory activities. Two monogalactosyldiacylglycerols (MGDGs) and three digalactosyldiacylglycerols (DGDGs) from Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton were obtained through one-step silica gel column chromatography and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection (HPLC-ELSD). The presence of additional MGDG (1-O-9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl-2-O-7Z,10Z,13Z-hexadecatrienoyl-3-O-(β-D-galactopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol) and DGDG (1-O-9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl-2-O-9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrienoyl-3-O-(β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1'→6'')-α-D-galactopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol) was concluded for the first time in perilla, by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells, five galactoglycerolipids exhibited good inhibitory activities against nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that fatty acid chain length and unsaturation degree affected their anti-inflammatory activities.</p

Purification and Characterization of Plantaricin JLA-9: A Novel Bacteriocin against Bacillus spp. Produced by Lactobacillus plantarum JLA‑9 from Suan-Tsai, a Traditional Chinese Fermented Cabbage

Bacteriocins are ribosomally synthesized peptides with antimicrobial activity produced by numerous bacteria. A novel bacteriocin-producing strain, Lactobacillus plantarum JLA-9, isolated from Suan-Tsai, a traditional Chinese fermented cabbage, was screened and identified by its physiobiochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. A new bacteriocin, designated plantaricin JLA-9, was purified using butanol extraction, gel filtration, and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The molecular mass of plantaricin JLA-9 was shown to be 1044 Da by MALDI-TOF-MS analyses. The amino acid sequence of plantaricin JLA-9 was predicted to be FWQ­KMS­FA by MALDI-TOF-MS/MS, which was confirmed by Edman degradation. This bacteriocin exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, especially Bacillus spp., high thermal stability (20 min, 121 °C), and narrow pH stability (pH 2.0–7.0). It was sensitive to α-chymotrypsin, pepsin, alkaline protease, and papain. The mode of action of this bacteriocin responsible for outgrowth inhibition of Bacillus cereus spores was studied. Plantaricin JLA-9 had no detectable effects on germination initiation over 1 h on monitoring the hydration, heat resistance, and 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (DPA) release of spores. Rather, germination initiation is a prerequisite for the action of plantaricin JLA-9. Plantaricin JLA-9 inhibited growth by preventing the establishment of oxidative metabolism and disrupting membrane integrity in germinating spores within 2 h. The results suggest that plantaricin JLA-9 has potential applications in the control of Bacillus spp. in the food industry

Quantitative identification and bioinformatics analysis of tumor tissue proteins assayed by iTRAQ.

<p><b>(A)</b> All 132 differentially accumulated proteins were classified into three groups: biological process, molecular function, and cellular component through GO analysis. <b>(B)</b> The numbers of lipid/glucose metabolism-related proteins were shown through GO analysis.</p

Hypothetic pathways of SBP1-mediated anti-cancer functions <i>in vivo</i>.

<p>SBP1-mediated anti-cancer effects may be through lipid/glucose metabolism. The possible functional regulation between SBP1 and related proteins is illustrated.</p

Quantitative identification and bioinformatics analysis of tumor tissue proteins assayed by iTRAQ.

<p><b>(A)</b> All 132 differentially accumulated proteins were classified into three groups: biological process, molecular function, and cellular component through GO analysis. <b>(B)</b> The numbers of lipid/glucose metabolism-related proteins were shown through GO analysis.</p

SBP1 induction suppressed tumor metastasis <i>in vivo</i>

<p><b>(A)</b> Representative images of lungs and hematoxylin and eosin (HE)-staining of lungs isolated from mice that received tail vein injection of HCT116-Act cells (Act) and HCT116-TetSBP1 cells (TetSBP1). Each group contains 5 mice. Arrows illustrates the visible nodules and metastatic nodules in lung. Scale bar = 200 μm. <b>(B)</b> SBP1 induction inhibits tumor metastasis <i>in vivo</i>. The numbers of pulmonary metastatic nodules were counted under microscope and analyzed with Student’s t-test. Results are shown as mean±SD. **P<0.01.</p

Identified differentially accumulated proteins related to lipid metabolism.

<p>Identified differentially accumulated proteins related to lipid metabolism.</p

Enzymatic synthesis and antitumor evaluation of mono- and diesters of 3<i>-</i>O<i>-β-</i>D<i>-</i>galactopyranosyl<i>-</i>sn-glycerol

Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of mono- and diesters of 3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-sn- glycerol (β-GG) with caproic acid was performed in acetone. The simultaneous production of 1(6’)-monoesters and 1,6’-diesters of β-GG was achieved in this reaction. In order to improve the yield of β-GG esters, four process parameters, enzyme concentration (15 ∼ 25 mg/mL), and substrate molar ratio (caproic acid: β-GG= 1.60 ∼ 2.00 mmol: 0.10 mmol), reaction temperature (40 ∼ 60 °C), and reaction time (8 ∼ 12 h), were optimized via response surface methodology (RSM) employing a three-level-four-variable central composite design. Results showed that enzyme concentration had the most significant (p β-GG esters. The optimal reaction conditions in acetone were given as follows: Novozyme435 concentration 18.65 mg/mL, molar rate of caproic acid to β-GG 19.46:1, reaction temperature 48 °C, and reaction time 9.83 h. The yield of β-GG esters reached 88.08% under above optimized conditions, which was very close to the predicted value 87.95%. The molar ratio of monoester to diesters was 0.39:0.61. β-GG esters with other fatty acyl chains were synthesized based on the optimized conditions. In vitro antitumor activity indicated that the antitumor activity of β-GG esters was dependent on the nature of fatty acids, such as the length of acyl chain, the degree of saturation, as well as the number of acyl chain.</p

A Novel Class IIb Bacteriocin-Plantaricin EmF Effectively Inhibits Listeria monocytogenes and Extends the Shelf Life of Beef in Combination with Chitosan

Plantaricin EmF separated and identified from L. plantarum 163 was a novel class IIb bacteriocin. The molecular masses of plantaricin Em and F were 1638 and 3702 Da, respectively, with amino acid sequences FNRGGYNFGKSVRH and VFHAYSARGVRNNYKSAVGPADWVISAVRGFIHG, respectively. Plantaricin EmF not only exhibited broad-pH adaptability and thermostability but also showed high efficiency and broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Its mode of action on L. monocytogenes damaged cell membrane integrity, resulting in the leakage of cytoplasm, changes in cell structure and morphology, and ultimately cell death. Additionally, plantaricin EmF inactivated L. monocytogenes in beef, effectively improving the quality indices of beef, thereby extending its shelf life, especially in combination with chitosan. Plantaricin EmF + 1.0% chitosan extended the shelf life of beef to 15 d, demonstrating its potential application value to replace chemical preservatives to control food-borne pathogenic microorganisms and extend the shelf life of meat and meat products in agriculture and the food industry

Tumor inhibition of SBP1 was associated with multiple signaling pathways <i>in vivo</i>.

<p>Several typical markers of different signaling pathways were examined using iTRAQ proteomic analysis protein samples. These cancer related signaling pathways respond differently to SBP1 induction.</p