Plasma concentration-time curves of digoxin in 20(S)-Rh2 or 20(R)-Rh2 pre-treated male SD rats.

<p>The control groups were given an i.g. dose of 0.25 mg/kg digoxin. The pre-treated groups were administered an i.g. dose of 5 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg 20(S)-Rh2 (A) or 5 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg 20(R)-Rh2 (B), 2 h prior to digoxin dose. Data are expressed as mean ± S.E., n = 5 per group.</p

Time course of 20(S)-Rh2 and 20(R)-Rh2 transformation by rat fecal microflora <i>in vitro</i>.

<p>(A) 1 µM 20(S)-Rh2; (B) 1 µM 20(R)-Rh2; (C) 10 µM 20(S)-Rh2; (D) 10 µM 20(R)-Rh2.</p

A biflavonoid glycoside from <i>Lomatogonium carinthiacum</i> (Wulf) Reichb

<div><p>A biflavonoid glycoside with a new carbon skeleton, named carinoside A, was isolated from the <i>n</i>-BuOH crude extract of the whole plant of <i>Lomatogonium carinthiacum</i> (Wulf) Reichb. The structure of the new compound was elucidated by using spectroscopic methods, including UV, IR, HR-ESI-MS and extensive 1D and 2D NMR techniques.</p></div

Effects of Rh2 epimers and Ppd epimers on the transport of P-gp substrate digoxin across Caco-2 monolayers.

<p>Cells were preincubated for 1 h in the presence of (A) 20(S)-Rh2 or 20(R)-Rh2, (B) 20(S)-Ppd or 20(R)-Ppd, and followed by co-incubation for 2 h in the presence of 5 µM digoxin. Data are the mean ± S.E. of three independent experiments. ^*<i>p</i><0.05 <i>vs</i> control; ^**<i>p</i><0.01 <i>vs</i> control; ^#<i>p</i><0.05 between groups; ^##<i>p</i><0.01 between groups.</p

The composition of the mobile phase and the gradient program.

<p>The composition of the mobile phase and the gradient program.</p

Pharmacokinetic parameters of digoxin after a single i.g. administration in the absence or presence of 20(S)-Rh2 or presence of 20(R)-Rh2 in rats.

*<p><i>p</i><0.05 <i>vs</i> control;</p>**<p><i>p</i><0.01 <i>vs</i> control;</p>§<p><i>p</i><0.05 between Rh2 5 mg/kg group and Rh2 50 mg/kg group with the same configuration;</p>§§<p><i>p</i><0.01 between Rh2 5 mg/kg group and Rh2 50 mg/kg group with the same configuration.</p

The AUCs of ginsenoside Rh2 epimers and their deglycosylation metabolites Ppd epimers after incubation of ginsenoside 20(S)-Rh2 or 20(R)-Rh2 in rat fecal microflora.

<p>ND, Not detected.</p

The IC₅₀ of adriamycin in MCF-7/Adr cells in the absence or presence of 20(S)-Rh2 or 20(R)-Rh2.

<p>The IC₅₀ of adriamycin in MCF-7/Adr cells in the absence or presence of 20(S)-Rh2 or 20(R)-Rh2.</p

Chemical structures of ginsenosides.

<p>(A) 20(S)-Rh2, (B) 20(R)-Rh2, (C) 20(S)-Ppd and (D) 20(R)-Ppd.</p

Representative SIM chromatograms of ginsenosides in biological matrix.

<p>(A) blank rat intestinal microflora suspension;(B) blank rat intestinal microflora suspension spiked with 20(S)-Rh2 (100 nM), 20(R)-Rh2 (100 nM), 20(S)-Ppd (1 µM), 20(R)-Ppd (1 µM) and digitoxin (500 nM);(C) rat intestinal microflora suspension after incubation with 1 µM 20(S)-Rh2 for 1 h.</p