Barcoding gaps between the four quarantine species and their closest relatives.

<p>The X-axis relates to the K2P distances of the three combined DNA regions (<i>ndhF</i>, <i>trnS</i>-<i>trnG</i> and <i>waxy</i>) between the four quarantine species and their closest relatives. 1. <i>S. elaeagnifolium</i>; 2. <i>S. carolinense</i>; 3. <i>S. torvum</i>; 4. <i>S. rostratum</i>. The Y-axis corresponds to the number of occurrences.</p

Additional file 1 of Association between different composite dietary antioxidant indexes and low back pain in American women adults: a cross-sectional study from NHANES

Supplementary Material

Species-Specific Identification from Incomplete Sampling: Applying DNA Barcodes to Monitoring Invasive <em>Solanum</em> Plants

<div><p>Comprehensive sampling is crucial to DNA barcoding, but it is rarely performed because materials are usually unavailable. In practice, only a few rather than all species of a genus are required to be identified. Thus identification of a given species using a limited sample is of great importance in current application of DNA barcodes. Here, we selected 70 individuals representing 48 species from each major lineage of <em>Solanum</em>, one of the most species-rich genera of seed plants, to explore whether DNA barcodes can provide reliable specific-species discrimination in the context of incomplete sampling. Chloroplast genes <em>ndhF</em> and <em>trnS</em>-<em>trnG</em> and the nuclear gene <em>waxy</em>, the commonly used markers in <em>Solanum</em> phylogeny, were selected as the supplementary barcodes. The tree-building and modified barcode gap methods were employed to assess species resolution. The results showed that four <em>Solanum</em> species of quarantine concern could be successfully identified through the two-step barcoding sampling strategy. In addition, discrepancies between nuclear and cpDNA barcodes in some samples demonstrated the ability to discriminate hybrid species, and highlights the necessity of using barcode regions with different modes of inheritance. We conclude that efficient phylogenetic markers are good candidates as the supplementary barcodes in a given taxonomic group. Critically, we hypothesized that a specific-species could be identified from a phylogenetic framework using incomplete sampling–through this, DNA barcoding will greatly benefit the current fields of its application.</p> </div

Neighbor joining tree based on the three combined DNA regions (<i>ndhF</i>, <i>trnS</i>-<i>trnG</i> and <i>waxy</i>).

<p>Bootstrap values (>80%) are shown above the branches. Numbers followed taxon names are individual numbers (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0055927#pone.0055927.s003" target="_blank">Table S1</a>).</p

Sequence characteristics of the three DNA regions and their combinations in the studied <i>Solanum</i> species.

<p>Sequence characteristics of the three DNA regions and their combinations in the studied <i>Solanum</i> species.</p

Datasheet1_Training to be a spinal endoscopic surgeon: What matters?.pdf

ObjectiveSpinal endoscopic surgery has been promoted rapidly in the past decade, attracting an increasing number of young, dedicated surgeons. However, it has long been denounced for its long learning curve as a factor impeding the development of this state-of-the-art technique. The aim of the present study was to discover what really matters in the educational process of becoming a spinal endoscopic surgeon.MethodsAn online survey consisting of 14 compulsory questions was distributed in April and May 2022 through the First Chinese Spinal Endoscopic Surgeons Skills Competition. Reminders were sent to increase response rates.ResultsOf the 893 emails that were sent, we received 637 responses. A total of 375 (76.7%) surgeons most frequently used endoscopic techniques in their practices. Regardless of their different backgrounds, 284 (75.7%) surgeons thought it would be necessary for a young spinal endoscopic surgeon to perform 300 cases independently in order to become proficient, followed by 500 (n=43, 11.5%), 100 (n=40, 10.7%), and 1,000 (n=8, 2.1%) cases. According to the surgeons, the most difficult aspect of mastering the endoscopic technique is a disparate surgical view (n=255, 68%), followed by adaption to new instruments (n=86, 22.9%) and hand-eye coordination (n=34, 9.1%). The most helpful training method for helping the spinal endoscopic surgeons of younger generations improve is operating on simulation models or cadaver courses (n=216, 57.6%), followed by online or offline theoretical courses (n=67, 17.9%), acquiring opportunities during surgeries (n=51, 13.6%), and frequently participating in surgeries as an assistant (n=41, 10.9%).ConclusionFrom the perspective of surgeons, to be skilled in spinal endoscopic surgery means overcoming a steep learning curve. However, training systems should be given more attention to make them more accessible to younger surgeons so they can work on simulation models or take cadaver courses.</p

Scatter plot of K2P genetic distances of <i>S. elaeagnifolium</i> and its closest relatives.

<p>Scatter plot of K2P genetic distances of <i>S. elaeagnifolium</i> and its closest relatives.</p

Additional file 1 of A systematic review and meta-analysis of risk factors for reoperation after degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis surgery

Additional file 1: Supplementary figure 1. Funnel plot for publication bias before and after trim-and-fillanalysis

DNA-Compatible <i>ortho</i>-Phthalaldehyde (OPA)-Mediated 2‑Substituted Isoindole Core Formation and Applications

The incorporation of the isoindole core into the DNA-encoded chemical library is highly desirable for the great potential pharmacological characters exampled by molecules like lenalidomide. Herein, we reported a DNA-compatible protocol for the OPA-mediated transformation of amines into drug-like moieties represented by isoindolinone and thio-2-isoindole, respectively. The high conversion and wide substrate-scope property of our protocol render its feasibility in the manipulation of terminal amines on oligonucleotide conjugates, including “cap-and-catch” purification, sequential synthesis during DEL construction, and on-DNA macrocyclization