Additional file 1 of Gut microbiota-related metabolite alpha-linolenic acid mitigates intestinal inflammation induced by oral infection with Toxoplasma gondii

Additional file 1: Fig. S1. Brain cysts of ICR mice infected with the corresponding cysts. **P < 0.01, Student’s t test. The data are presented as the means ± SEM

Table1.docx

<p>Fishes are, by far, the most diverse group of vertebrates. Their classification relies heavily on morphology. In practice, the correct morphological identification of species often depends on personal experience because many species vary in their body shape, color and other external characters. Thus, the identification of a species may be prone to errors. Due to the rapid development of molecular biology, the number of sequences of fishes deposited in GenBank has grown explosively. These published data likely contain errors owing to invalid or incorrectly identified species. The erroneous data can lead to downstream problems. Thus, it is critical that such errors get identified and corrected. A strategy based on DNA barcoding can detect potentially erroneous data, especially when intraspecific K2P variation exceeds interspecific K2P divergence. Analyses of the most used DNA marker for fishes (mitochondrial Cytb) discovers that intraspecific differences of fishes are generally less than 1%, while interspecific differences are generally higher than 10%. Based on this ruler, our analyses identify 1,303 potential problematic Cytb sequences of fishes in GenBank and point to taxonomic problems, errors in identification, genetic introgression and other concerns. Care must be taken to avoid the perpetuation of errors when using these available data.</p

Comparisons of several EC assignment methods by considering their method basis, if they are automatic for a whole reaction, and if there is a web server available.

<p>Comparisons of several EC assignment methods by considering their method basis, if they are automatic for a whole reaction, and if there is a web server available.</p

Incorrect prediction KEGG reaction examples on different substrate specificities.

<p>Incorrect prediction KEGG reaction examples on different substrate specificities.</p

Correct and incorrect results made over different reaction distances.

<p>Correct and incorrect results made over different reaction distances.</p

Cross-validation accuracy performance over different EC levels.

<p>With a selected fingerprint length at 3, the number of reactions and the cross-validation accuracies will vary from EC1 to EC6.</p

Incorrect prediction KEGG reaction examples on inter-molecular and intra-molecular transformations.

<p>Incorrect prediction KEGG reaction examples on inter-molecular and intra-molecular transformations.</p

Acetic acid activates the AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway to regulate lipid metabolism in bovine hepatocytes.

<p>Acetic acid is metabolized to acetyl-CoA with consumption of ATP in bovine hepatocytes, resulting in a significant elevation of the AMP/ATP ratio and the phosphorylation and activation of AMPKα. Activated AMPKα increases the expression and transcriptional activity of PPARα, thereby increasing the expression of lipolytic genes, including ACO, CPT1, CPT2, and L-FABP. AMPKα activation inhibits the expression and transcriptional activity of SREBP-1c and ChREBP, thereby reducing the expression of lipogenic genes, including ACC1, FAS, and SCD-1. In addition, activated AMPKα directly phosphorylates and inhibits ACC1. Consequently, acetic acid increases lipolysis and reduces lipid synthesis in bovine hepatocytes.</p

Crassula barbata

<p>Cross-validation accuracies of reaction difference fingerprints with different lengths.</p